{"id":507915,"date":"2022-08-26T21:13:18","date_gmt":"2022-08-26T18:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=507915"},"modified":"2022-08-26T21:13:18","modified_gmt":"2022-08-26T18:13:18","slug":"ortaq-kecmisd%c9%99n-ortaq-g%c9%99l%c9%99c%c9%99y%c9%99-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=507915","title":{"rendered":"Ortaq ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259n ortaq g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259y\u0259"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7AR\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130\u015e\u011eAL\u00c7ILIQ S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130 \u00dcMUMT\u00dcRK TAR\u0130X\u0130 KONTEKST\u0130ND\u018f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

(tarixi-etnoqrafik o\u00e7erkl\u0259r)<\/p>\n

Q \u00a0I \u00a0Z \u00a0I \u00a0L\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0O \u00a0R \u00a0D \u00a0A<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 vassall\u0131qlarda idar\u0259\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0259dim \u00c7ingiz yasalar\u0131, B\u00f6y\u00fck Monqol Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259m\u0259ll\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 effektiv idar\u0259\u00e7ilik sisteminin formala\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada da q\u0259dim t\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi ali hakimiyy\u0259t orqan\u0131 qurultay idi. Xan\u0131n, onun xan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n, yax\u0131n qohumlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u201co\u011flan\u201d v\u0259 \u201csultan\u201dlar\u0131n), G\u00f6y Orda xan\u0131n\u0131n, hakim tayfa\u00a0 \u0259mirl\u0259rinin (bunlar h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u00fcm\u0259n v\u0259 min b\u0259yl\u0259ri idil\u0259r), t\u0259qrib\u0259n 70-\u0259 yax\u0131n ulus v\u0259 el ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, n\u00fcfuzlu \u0259mirl\u0259rin i\u015ftirak etdiyi qurultaylarda m\u00fch\u00fcm d\u00f6vl\u0259ti m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r- xanlar\u0131n se\u00e7ilm\u0259si v\u0259 devrilm\u0259si, m\u00fcharib\u0259 elan edilm\u0259si v\u0259 s\u00fclh ba\u011flanmas\u0131, habel\u0259 xan n\u0259slind\u0259n olan q\u0131zlar\u0131n \u0259r\u0259 verilm\u0259si v\u0259 s. h\u0259llini tap\u0131rd\u0131. Q\u0259rarlar\u0131n istisnas\u0131z olaraq, yasaya uy\u011fun \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fctl\u0259q \u015f\u0259rt kimi g\u00f6zl\u0259nilirdi. Ayd\u0131n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259dir ki, yarl\u0131q (xan\u0131n f\u0259rmanlar\u0131, y\u0259ni s\u0259r\u0259ncamverici aktlar\u0131, eyni zamanda diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar v\u0259 s. m\u00fch\u00fcm s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r k\u00fcll hal\u0131nda bu terminl\u0259 ifad\u0259 edilirdi) v\u0259 q\u0259rarlar\u0131n yasaya uy\u011funlu\u011funa n\u0259zar\u0259ti h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n Yasa \u018fmiri (\u00c7ingiz xan\u0131n Yasa \u018fmiri \u00c7a\u011fatay olmu\u015fdu v\u0259 bu \u0259n\u0259n\u0259 sonralar da davam etdirilmi\u015f, Yasa \u018fmiri daim sultanlar v\u0259 ya b\u0259yl\u0259r aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015fdi) qurultay\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n idi. Ulu\u011f Bitik\u00e7i v\u0259 ya Bitik\u00e7i \u018fmiri adlanan v\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7ilik iyerarxiyas\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutan ba\u015f d\u0259ft\u0259rdar (m\u0259murlar\u0131n \u00fcmumi r\u0259hb\u0259ri, bir n\u00f6v, xan\u0131n aparat r\u0259hb\u0259ri) da qurultay \u00fczvl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda yer tuturdu (m\u0259lumat \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn: Bat\u0131 xan\u0131n Bitik\u00e7i \u018fmiri Berke xan olmu\u015fdu).<\/p>\n

Hakim tayfalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (orduda t\u00fcm\u0259n b\u0259yi, minba\u015f\u0131 v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rini da\u015f\u0131yan bu \u0259mirl\u0259r\u0259 XIII-XIV \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 \u201culus b\u0259yl\u0259ri\u201d, bundan sonra is\u0259\u00a0 \u201ck\u0259ra\u00e7i b\u0259yl\u0259r\u201d deyilib) qurultaylararas\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 d\u0259 xan divan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z \u00fczvl\u0259ri kimi \u00f6lk\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7iliyind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259sna m\u00f6vqey\u0259 malik idil\u0259r. B\u0259zi tarix\u00e7il\u0259r divan\u0131 \u201cD\u00f6vl\u0259t \u015euras\u0131\u201d, b\u0259zil\u0259ri is\u0259 \u201cKine\u015f\u201d\/ \u201dKinge\u015f\u201d (\u201cg\u0259n\u0259\u015fm\u0259k\u201d felind\u0259ndir) adland\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu qurum Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 onun varisl\u0259ri olan xanl\u0131qlarda siyasi strukturun \u00f6z\u0259yini t\u0259\u015fkil edir, \u201culus b\u0259yl\u0259ri sistemi\u201d \u00fczr\u0259- xan\u0131n r\u0259yi n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmaqla, hakim sosial fraksiyalar\u0131n, q\u0259bil\u0259 v\u0259 tayfalar\u0131n (onlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n) irad\u0259si \u0259sas\u0131nda formala\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Tayfalar v\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u0259mirl\u0259ri qurultayda xan se\u00e7dikl\u0259ri \u015f\u0259xsin sonrak\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 d\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t edir, \u00f6lk\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7iliyind\u0259 n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259li \u0259sasda (divan \u00fczvl\u0259ri kimi) t\u0259msil olunurdular. H\u0259rbi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 xarici siyas\u0259td\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynayan divan \u00fczvl\u0259rinin xan \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 real t\u0259sir imkanlar\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259tta veto h\u00fcququ da vard\u0131. Veril\u0259n q\u0259rarlar, imzalanan s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r xanla birlikd\u0259 onlar\u0131n da m\u00f6h\u00fcrl\u0259ri il\u0259 t\u0259sdiql\u0259nm\u0259yinc\u0259 h\u00fcquqi q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259\u00a0 min\u0259 bilm\u0259zdi. K\u0259ra\u00e7i b\u0259yl\u0259rini \u00f6z aralar\u0131ndan se\u00e7diyi \u015f\u0259xs (\u201culu\u011f k\u0259ra\u00e7ib\u0259y\u201d v\u0259 ya \u201cb\u0259yl\u0259rb\u0259yi\u201d) avtomatik olaraq divan\u0131n da r\u0259hb\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7evrilir v\u0259 AB\u015e-\u0131n Viskonsin Universitetinin professoru U.\u015eamilo\u011flunun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, \u0259n az\u0131, xanla b\u0259rab\u0259r s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t qazan\u0131r, \u201cb\u0259z\u0259n xandan daha g\u00fccl\u00fc olurdu\u201d. Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordadan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n tarixind\u0259 xanlarla k\u0259ra\u00e7i b\u0259yl\u0259r aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259 v\u0259 fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck f\u0259lak\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndiyi hallar da az olmay\u0131b (a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yeri g\u0259ldikc\u0259, bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 qay\u0131daca\u011f\u0131q). M\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tin dayan\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6lk\u0259nin sosial-siyasi birliyinin t\u0259min olunmas\u0131 xanla tayfa \u0259mirl\u0259rinin dil tapmas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 idi. Bu m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rin g\u0259rginl\u0259\u015fdiyi \u0259ks\u0259r hallarda maraq toqqu\u015fmalar\u0131 siyasi nikahlar vasit\u0259si il\u0259 yoluna qoyulurdu.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n sosial daya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015f h\u0259rbi-siyasi aristokratiya sisteminin mahiyy\u0259tini inc\u0259likl\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r anlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Z\u0259ki V\u0259lidi To\u011fan\u0131n \u018fli\u015fir N\u0259vai haqq\u0131nda qeydl\u0259ri x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tlidir. Bu maraql\u0131 m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00fcasir \u00fcmumt\u00fcrk elmi-ictimai fikrinin d\u00f6vriyy\u0259sin\u0259 qaytaran Az\u0259r Turan yaz\u0131r: \u201c\u018fli\u015fir N\u0259vai v\u0259 Sultan H\u00fcseyn Bayqara \u0259l-\u0259l\u0259 verib T\u00fcrk\u00fcstana \u201cf\u0259zil\u0259t zaman\u0131\u201d (Babur) ya\u015fatd\u0131lar. N\u0259vainin Sultan H\u00fcseyn Bayqaran\u0131n m\u00f6h\u00fcrdar\u0131 v\u0259 v\u0259ziri olmas\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1939-1940-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Z.V.To\u011fan d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f etdi. To\u011fana g\u00f6r\u0259, N\u0259vaini Sultan H\u00fcseynin v\u0259ziri saymaq b\u00f6y\u00fck x\u0259tad\u0131r… Z\u0259ki V\u0259lidi bu q\u0259na\u0259td\u0259ydi ki, \u018fli\u015fir N\u0259vai Sultan H\u00fcseyn Bayqaran\u0131n v\u0259ziri olmay\u0131b v\u0259 bunun da bir ne\u00e7\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259bi vard\u0131: \u201c\u018fvv\u0259la, \u00e7ox z\u0259ngin oldu\u011fundan maddi bax\u0131mdan r\u0259smi v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k ehtiyac\u0131nda deyildi. Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, t\u00fcrk v\u0259 mo\u011fol t\u00f6r\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u018fli\u015fir N\u0259vainin m\u0259nsub oldu\u011fu uy\u011fur q\u0259bil\u0259si b\u0259yl\u0259ri m\u0259rasim v\u0259 m\u0259clisl\u0259rd\u0259 Barlas, Arlat, K\u0131yat v\u0259 Konqrat b\u0259yl\u0259rind\u0259n yer almaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 idil\u0259r (d\u00f6vl\u0259t protokolunun v\u0259 \u201culus sistemi\u201dnin t\u0259l\u0259bi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn, nec\u0259 ayd\u0131n bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259sbit olunur!-N.M.). \u018fli\u015fir d\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 h\u00f6kmdardan sonra ikinci \u015f\u0259xs oldu\u011fu halda divan iclaslar\u0131nda, m\u0259rasiml\u0259rd\u0259 zikri ke\u00e7\u0259n q\u0259bil\u0259 b\u0259yl\u0259rind\u0259n sonra oturmaq, f\u0259rmanlarda m\u00f6h\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc onlar\u0131n m\u00f6h\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131na basmaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 idi. M\u0259\u011frur bir insan oldu\u011fundan buna he\u00e7 d\u00f6zm\u0259zdi\u201d… D\u00f6vl\u0259tini \u015fair dostunun (bir r\u0259vay\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, s\u00fcd qarda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n-N.M.) z\u00f6vq\u00fcn\u0259 uy\u011fun idar\u0259 ed\u0259n, verdiyi f\u0259rmanla onu \u201cr\u00fckn\u00fcs-s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259\u201d, y\u0259ni \u201cs\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259tin dir\u0259yi\u201d elan ed\u0259n, s\u00f6hb\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015fairi saraya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmay\u0131b, \u00f6z\u00fc onun h\u00fczuruna ged\u0259n Sultan H\u00fcseyn Bayqara N\u0259vaini s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259tin, az qala b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 hakim q\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259qdird\u0259, b\u0259s n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259clisl\u0259rd\u0259 Barlas, Arlat, K\u0131yat v\u0259 Konqrat b\u0259yl\u0259rind\u0259n olu\u015fan s\u0131ralama qaydas\u0131n\u0131 pozmur? \u018fli\u015fir N\u0259vainin yerini birinci s\u0131rada t\u0259yin etm\u0259k h\u00f6kmdar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu q\u0259d\u0259rmi \u00e7\u0259tindir? To\u011fan bunun da izah\u0131n\u0131 verib: \u201cB\u0259zi q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259rin b\u0259yl\u0259rini dig\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n \u00fcst\u00fcn oturtmaq h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n \u0259lind\u0259 olan bir i\u015f deyildi. \u00c7\u00fcnki bu, \u00c7a\u011fatay ulusunun t\u00fcrk-mo\u011fol q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131nda uy\u011fur q\u0259bil\u0259sinin \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi m\u00f6vqeyini d\u0259yi\u015fdirm\u0259k olard\u0131\u201d. S\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259t is\u0259 h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n ist\u0259yi v\u0259 z\u00f6vq\u00fcil\u0259 deyil, t\u00f6r\u0259nin qanunlar\u0131 il\u0259 idar\u0259 olunurdu\u201d.<\/p>\n

Yeri g\u0259lmi\u015fk\u0259n, t\u00fcrk t\u00f6r\u0259si il\u0259 eyni nisb\u0259td\u0259 h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00c7ingiz yasalar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 do\u011furmayan \u201culus sistemi\u201d haqq\u0131nda s\u00f6z a\u00e7an m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259r \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 \u00a0t\u0259xmin\u0259n 7-9 \u201cq\u0259bil\u0259\u201dd\u0259n (klassik anlamda bunlar ki\u00e7ik q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259r deyil, iri tayfa ittifaqlar\u0131 say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r) b\u0259hs edirl\u0259r. Bunlar, \u0259sas\u0259n, K\u0131yat, Konqrat, Manq\u0131t, \u015eirin, Bar\u0131n, Barlas, Arq\u0131n, Arlat, Secut v\u0259 Noqay boylar\u0131d\u0131r (ad\u0131\u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n boylar\u0131n uzun bir tarixi d\u00f6vr \u0259rzind\u0259, \u00c7ingizxan imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n, dem\u0259k olar, b\u00fct\u00fcn torpaqlar\u0131nda m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu qorumas\u0131 heyr\u0259tamiz v\u0259 qanunauy\u011fun say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r). Yerind\u0259n, vaxt\u0131ndan, tarixi-co\u011frafi \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq konfederasiyalar\u0131n say\u0131 art\u0131b-azal\u0131r (tarix\u00e7il\u0259r Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada \u201c4 b\u0259y sistemi\u201d oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131rlar, Z.V.To\u011fan da \u00c7a\u011fatay ulusunda 4 hakim q\u0259bil\u0259d\u0259n b\u0259hs edir, xanl\u0131qlar d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 is\u0259 onlar\u0131n artma\u011fa meyl etdiyini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck), eyni zamanda daxili iyerarxiyas\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015firdi. Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, Kr\u0131mda \u015firinl\u0259rin, Noqay Ordas\u0131nda noqaylar\u0131n, H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxanda konqratlar\u0131n (kuratlar\u0131n) v\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq olaraq, onlar\u0131n \u0259mirl\u0259rinin dominant m\u00f6vqe tutduqlar\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. Sayca \u00e7ox olan, x\u0259zin\u0259y\u0259 daha \u00e7ox vergi \u00f6d\u0259y\u0259n, orduya daha \u00e7ox qo\u015fun ver\u0259n q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259r, bu iyerarxiyada \u00fcst\u00fcn yer tutur, b\u0259yl\u0259rb\u0259yil\u0259r onlar\u0131n \u0259mirl\u0259rind\u0259n se\u00e7ilirdi. B\u0259z\u0259n hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259n\u0259n xanlar\u0131n k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259r yolu il\u0259 q\u0259bil\u0259 iyerarxiyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259hd etdikl\u0259rini d\u0259 bilirik.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259nin maliyy\u0259-t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259rlik ed\u0259n v\u0259zir (\u201catal\u0131q\u201d da adlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r) icra hakimiyy\u0259tinin, ba\u015f qaz\u0131 v\u0259 ba\u015f yar\u011f\u0131\u00e7 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tinin, yasavul is\u0259 h\u00fcquq-m\u00fchafiz\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda dururdular. Bitik\u00e7i v\u0259 d\u0259ft\u0259rdarlar, h\u0259rbi silkin y\u00fcks\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259li t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri olan bahad\u0131r (bat\u0131r) v\u0259 kazaklar, vilay\u0259t v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin daru\u011falar\u0131 (bu s\u00f6z bizim dilimiz\u0259 \u201cdar\u011fa\u201d kimi daxil olub), dam\u011fa\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, el\u00e7il\u0259r, habel\u0259 qaz\u0131lar v\u0259 yar\u011f\u0131clar (qaz\u0131lar \u015f\u0259ri\u0259t, yar\u011f\u0131clar is\u0259 \u00f6rf v\u0259 ad\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 bax\u0131rd\u0131) sosial vertikal\u0131n yuxar\u0131 hiss\u0259sind\u0259 q\u0259rar tutur, ham\u0131s\u0131 bir yerd\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n ali zad\u0259gan z\u00fcmr\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. Eyni \u0259n\u0259n\u0259nin H\u00fclakular d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259\u00a0 d\u0259 g\u00f6zl\u0259nildiyini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. Yuxar\u0131da istinad etdiyimiz \u201cAz\u0259rbaycan tarixi\u201dnd\u0259 qeyd olundu\u011fu kimi, H\u00fclakular\u0131n \u0259dliyy\u0259 sistemi iki b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259y\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eahzad\u0259l\u0259r\u0259, k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri feodallara, h\u0259rbi hiss\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 aid m\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259r \u00c7ingiz xan\u0131n yasas\u0131na \u0259saslanan \u201cyar\u011fu\u201d (yar\u011f\u0131) m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, yerli \u0259haliy\u0259 aid m\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 q\u0259za m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u015f\u0259ri\u0259t qanunlar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda (qaz\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n) apar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Yar\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u0259ri\u0259t m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rinin i\u015fin\u0259 m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 etm\u0259si qanunla qada\u011fan edilm\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalinin \u0259ks\u0259r hiss\u0259si is\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6z a\u011falar\u0131na vergil\u0259r \u00f6d\u0259y\u0259n, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u00fck\u0259ll\u0259fiyy\u0259tl\u0259r yerin\u0259 yetir\u0259n \u201cqara xal\u0131k\u201ddan ibar\u0259t idi. Qara camaatdan 20-y\u0259 yax\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif vergi n\u00f6v\u00fc al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131: \u0259kin\u00e7il\u0259r hasad\u0131n (toplanan m\u0259hsuldan) onda biri h\u0259cmind\u0259 \u201cyasaq-kalan\u201d, maldarlar s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259rinin y\u00fczd\u0259 biri sayda \u201ckop\u00e7ur\u201d, tacirl\u0259r d\u00f6vriyy\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun \u201ctam\u011fa\u201d \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259li idil\u0259r. \u201cK\u0259ll\u0259 vergisi\u201d (\u201ccan vergisi\u201d) il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 \u201culu\u011f mal\u201d v\u0259 ya \u201ctalay\u201d adlanan vergi d\u0259 al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131 ki, indiki sisteml\u0259 \u201cda\u015f\u0131nmaz \u0259mlak vergisi\u201dn\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lir. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259 ordu v\u0259 yam (po\u00e7t) t\u0259sisat\u0131n\u0131n saxlan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir ne\u00e7\u0259 vergi v\u0259 m\u00fck\u0259ll\u0259fiyy\u0259t d\u0259 m\u00f6vcud idi: \u201cordu paras\u0131\u201d, \u201culaq (po\u00e7talyon) vergisi\u201d, \u201ck\u00f6rp\u00fc paras\u0131\u201d, \u201cov paras\u0131\u201d, habel\u0259 ulaqlara v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t i\u015fl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 yola \u00e7\u0131xan d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131na \u0259rzaq, onlar\u0131n atlar\u0131na yem t\u0259minat\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 \u201cs\u00fcs\u00fcn\u201d, \u201csabanl\u0131q\u201d, \u201csal\u0131q-m\u00fcs\u0259mma\u201d, \u201canbar mal\u0131\u201d, \u201cel\u00e7i-qonaq\u201d v\u0259 s. \u00c7e\u015fidl\u0259ri \u00e7ox olsa da, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada vergil\u0259rin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131 tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda x\u00fcsusi vur\u011fulan\u0131r. Frederik Star\u0131n qeyd etdiyi kimi, \u201cmonqol vergi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si… yaln\u0131z az h\u0259cmli vergil\u0259rin t\u0259tbiqini n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tuturdu\u201d. Eyni sistem vassall\u0131qlara da aid idi. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131nda da \u201ck\u0259ll\u0259 vergisi\u201d, mal v\u0259 m\u00fclkd\u0259n \u201ca\u015far\u201d (onda bir), \u201cbaca\u201d v\u0259 ya \u201ct\u00fct\u00fcn\u201d vergisi (\u201cbacadan \u00e7\u0131xan t\u00fcst\u00fcy\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259\u201d h\u0259r evd\u0259n toplan\u0131rd\u0131) kimi \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi vergil\u0259r t\u0259tbiq edilirdi. Vergil\u0259rin vaxt\u0131-vaxt\u0131nda y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn cavabdehliyi, \u0259sas\u0259n, \u201cdaru\u011falar\u201d da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131lar. Yerl\u0259rd\u0259 maliyy\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rinin yerin\u0259 yetirilm\u0259si d\u0259 onlara h\u0259val\u0259 olunurdu. As\u0131l\u0131 yurdlarda dar\u011falar\u0131n s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri daha geni\u015f idi (bu haqda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da b\u0259hs a\u00e7\u0131lacaq). Dini s\u0259ciyy\u0259li z\u0259kat v\u0259 ba\u015fqa vergil\u0259r is\u0259 ruhanil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n toplan\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130mperiyan\u0131n m\u00fcs\u0259lman olmayan \u0259halisi h\u0259m d\u0259 \u201ccizy\u0259\u201d \u00f6d\u0259yirdi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca inzibati m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri uluslar idi. Uluslar art\u0131q qeyd olundu\u011fu kimi, ad\u0259t\u0259n xan\u0131n \u00f6z o\u011fullar\u0131na, yax\u0131n qohumlar\u0131na, habel\u0259 s\u0259rk\u0259rd\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k zad\u0259ganlara b\u0259z\u0259n m\u00fclk kimi, b\u0259z\u0259n is\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7iliy\u0259 verdiyi yurdluqlarda yaran\u0131rd\u0131. Uluslar Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n vilay\u0259tl\u0259ri, ulus ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck xan\u0131n valil\u0259ri statusu da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131lar. Uluslar\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259 v\u0259 bir-biri il\u0259 rabit\u0259sini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 d\u00fcnyada ilk po\u00e7t-n\u0259qliyyat sistemi (\u201cyam\u201d) qurulmu\u015fdu. Bu t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7ingizxan d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 qoyuldu\u011fu s\u00f6yl\u0259nils\u0259 d\u0259 onun t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fib pe\u015f\u0259kar f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259si \u00d6gedey xan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti ill\u0259rin\u0259 (1229-1241) aid edilir. Bu zaman \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisi \u201cm\u0259nzil\u201dl\u0259r\u0259 (bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck yol) b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 h\u0259r 45 kilometrd\u0259n bir yam m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri tikilmi\u015fdi. (Elxanil\u0259rd\u0259n Qazan xan\u0131n d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 H\u00fclakular d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin d\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259razisi vahid rabit\u0259 sistemi il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015f, \u0259sas yollarda h\u0259r 3 f\u0259rs\u0259xd\u0259n (indiki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc vahidi il\u0259 h\u0259r 21 kilometrd\u0259n) bir dayanacaqlar qurulmu\u015f, yamlara \u0259mirl\u0259r t\u0259yin edilmi\u015f, qulluq\u00e7ular v\u0259 laz\u0131mi q\u0259d\u0259r at ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.) Stansiya tipli m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, tacirl\u0259rin, ulaq v\u0259 xarici s\u0259firl\u0259rin dinc\u0259lm\u0259si, atlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r c\u00fcr \u015f\u0259rait yarad\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Laz\u0131m g\u0259ldikd\u0259 yam s\u00fcvaril\u0259ri \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259n\u0259 d\u0259 bilir, yarl\u0131klar n\u00f6vb\u0259ti m\u0259nzil\u0259 ba\u015fqa bir ulaqla \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Yam m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259rinin ia\u015f\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri yax\u0131nl\u0131qda ya\u015fayan \u0259hali t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259ll edilirdi. Bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 x\u00fcsusi vergi (\u201ckub\u00e7iri\u201d) toplan\u0131rd\u0131. Yam t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 n\u0259h\u0259ng imperiyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259razisini \u0259hat\u0259 edir, xan\u0131n \u0259mr v\u0259 tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131qlar\u0131, d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 t\u0259xir\u0259 sal\u0131nmadan \u00f6lk\u0259nin d\u00f6rd bir yan\u0131na \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. O d\u00f6vr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn inan\u0131lmaz operativlik \u0259ld\u0259 olunmu\u015fdu. Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda uluslar\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259z\u0259n y\u00fczl\u0259rl\u0259 ki\u00e7ik inzibati vahid\u0259 (el v\u0259 s.) b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259sin\u0259 r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n yerli m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 v\u0259 vergi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 h\u0259m d\u0259 ordu quruculu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn cavabdehlik da\u015f\u0131yan el b\u0259yl\u0259ri b\u00fct\u00fcn yenilikl\u0259rd\u0259n vaxt\u0131nda x\u0259b\u0259rdar olurdular. Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131 d\u00fcnya tarixinin \u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc h\u0259rbi-siyasi monarxiyas\u0131na \u00e7evir\u0259n \u0259sas amill\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 el\u0259 budur.<\/p>\n

\u00dcmumilikd\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrs\u0259k, ordu, bu m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m d\u00f6vl\u0259tin onur\u011fa s\u00fctununu t\u0259\u015fkil edir, xan\u0131n, \u0259yanlar\u0131n \u015f\u0259xsi d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n, ulus v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin, habel\u0259 h\u0259rbi \u0259m\u0259liyyatlar zaman\u0131 m\u00fctt\u0259fiql\u0259rin \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u011f\u0131 qo\u015funlardan ibar\u0259t olurdu (t\u00fcrk-monqol qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi say\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 fikirl\u0259r m\u00fcxt\u0259lif olsa da, z\u0259nn edirik, orta r\u0259q\u0259m kimi 250 min civar\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259 bil\u0259r). Y\u00fcks\u0259k d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259rbil\u0259\u015fm\u0259\u00a0 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259sisatlar\u0131n\u0131n (siyasi, sosial, inzibati v\u0259 s.) bir ba\u015fl\u0131ca amala – ordunun g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 xidm\u0259t etm\u0259sini \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ndirirdi. Kimliyind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq b\u00fct\u00fcn zad\u0259ganlardan h\u0259rbi bilik v\u0259 bacar\u0131q t\u0259l\u0259b edilirdi, ham\u0131 h\u0259r an s\u0259f\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xma\u011fa haz\u0131r olmal\u0131 idi. Bir \u00e7ox tarix\u00e7il\u0259rin t\u00fcm\u0259nl\u0259ri\u00a0 (on min n\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t h\u0259rbi-sosial birlik) inzibati vahidl\u0259r s\u0131ras\u0131nda qeyd etm\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 sosial strukturla\u015fman\u0131n spesifikas\u0131ndan ir\u0259li g\u0259lir. T\u00fcm\u0259nba\u015f\u0131, minba\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131, onba\u015f\u0131lar dinc d\u00f6vrd\u0259\u00a0 h\u0259rbi v\u0259 m\u00fclki funksiyalar yerin\u0259 yetirir, tabe\u00e7ilikl\u0259rind\u0259 olan \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259 qo\u015fun toplay\u0131r, ona t\u0259lim ke\u00e7ir, h\u0259rbi s\u0259f\u0259rl\u0259r zaman\u0131 bu qo\u015funa r\u0259hb\u0259rlik edirdil\u0259r. H\u0259r t\u00fcm\u0259n (min, y\u00fcz, on) b\u0259yi y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq sayda q\u00fcvv\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xarmal\u0131, qo\u015funun at v\u0259 yaraq-\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259dar\u00fck etm\u0259li idi. A\u011f\u0131r silahlarla t\u0259chiz olunmu\u015f x\u00fcsusi h\u0259rbi b\u00f6lm\u0259l\u0259rin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 \u0259yanlardan, onlar\u0131n \u00f6vladlar\u0131ndan v\u0259 qohumlar\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilirdi. Ordu, \u0259sas\u0259n, s\u00fcvaril\u0259rd\u0259n, atl\u0131 ox\u00e7ulardan, piyadalardan t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl tap\u0131r, m\u00fcdafi\u0259d\u0259 odlu silahlardan da istifad\u0259 olunurdu. S\u0259rt nizam-intizama malik Orda qo\u015funlar\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k mobilliyi v\u0259 \u00e7evikliyi, taktiki manevr imkanlar\u0131, strateji planla\u015fd\u0131rma qabiliyy\u0259ti v\u0259 ba\u015fqa x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u00f6z d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259ki h\u0259rbi bilik v\u0259 bacar\u0131qlar\u0131n f\u00f6vq\u00fcn\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259lmi\u015fdi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 onu t\u0259bi\u0259tin da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 (tufan, qas\u0131r\u011fa, sel, v\u0259ba, taun) b\u0259nz\u0259dirdil\u0259r. Geni\u015f yay\u0131lan fikir bu idi ki, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda diz \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda ordusu stixik bir q\u00fcvv\u0259dir v\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 h\u0259rbi g\u00fcc v\u0259 m\u0259har\u0259tl\u0259 ona batmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil.<\/p>\n

\u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, bu fikir vassall\u0131qlarda (x\u00fcsus\u0259n, rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131nda) daha geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. S\u0259b\u0259b ayd\u0131nd\u0131r: bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin ita\u0259t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck m\u0259\u015f\u0259qq\u0259tl\u0259r hesab\u0131na ba\u015fa g\u0259lmi\u015f, idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 is\u0259 bir \u00e7ox hallarda amans\u0131z c\u0259za t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 s\u0259rt n\u0259zar\u0259t\u0259 \u0259saslanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bununla bel\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7ilik sistemind\u0259 yerli \u00fcsullardan tam imtina olunmur, knyazlar bi\u0259t etm\u0259k \u015f\u0259rti il\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r hallarda v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 saxlan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Formal olaraq, vassall\u0131qlar B\u00f6y\u00fck Xaqana tabe say\u0131lsa da, faktiki idar\u0259\u00e7ilik h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda xanlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilirdi. Bat\u0131 xan vassal yurdlara m\u00fctt\u0259fiq kimi bax\u0131r, onlar\u0131n m\u0259h\u0259lli-m\u0259d\u0259ni, iqtisadi-t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat v\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259t m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fm\u0131r, ictimai asayi\u015fin qorunmas\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6n\u0259m verirdi ki, bu da onun bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t xadimi kimi uzaqg\u00f6r\u0259nliyini g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Tabe\u00e7ilik \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri \u00c7ingizxan d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fmi\u015fdi v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik qoyulmadan eyn\u0259n yerin\u0259 yetirilirdi. M\u00fctl\u0259q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l olunmal\u0131 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rl\u0259 (bi\u0259t etm\u0259k v\u0259 x\u0259rac \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259k) birlikd\u0259 as\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 m\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tin n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 normal f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn laz\u0131mi \u015f\u0259rait yaratmal\u0131, onlar\u0131n \u0259mr v\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 s\u00f6zs\u00fcz boyun \u0259ym\u0259li, vergi \u00f6d\u0259yicil\u0259rinin d\u0259qiql\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 \u0259halini siyah\u0131ya almal\u0131, torpaqlar\u0131nda yam (po\u00e7t) t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n qurulmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ruri t\u0259dbirl\u0259r g\u00f6rm\u0259li idil\u0259r. Bundan ba\u015fqa t\u0259l\u0259b olundu\u011fu hallarda qarda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, yaxud o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 girov qoymaqdan (\u201camanat\u201d sistemi), \u00fcmumi qo\u015funa \u0259sg\u0259r g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259kd\u0259n d\u0259 imtina ed\u0259 bilm\u0259zdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

R\u00fcrik s\u00fclal\u0259sin\u0259 m\u0259nsub rus knyazlar\u0131 s\u0259daq\u0259t and\u0131 i\u00e7ib bi\u0259t etdikd\u0259n sonra yarl\u0131q (burada idar\u0259\u00e7ilik h\u00fcququ ver\u0259n v\u0259siq\u0259) al\u0131rd\u0131lar. Udel knyazlar\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz\u0131n da t\u0259sdiql\u0259nm\u0259si (ona \u201cq\u0131z\u0131l yarl\u0131q\u201d verilirdi) Orda xan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tind\u0259 idi. B\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz Rus ell\u0259rind\u0259 Orda xan\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259si kimi (o, bir n\u00f6v, b\u00fct\u00fcn udell\u0259rin v\u0259 udel knyazlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 hesab edilirdi), x\u0259rac\u0131n ham\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n vaxt\u0131-vaxt\u0131nda v\u0259 tam h\u0259cmd\u0259 toplan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, \u0259mr v\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 qeyd-\u015f\u0259rtsiz \u0259m\u0259l olunmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131q ed\u0259nl\u0259rin v\u0259 asil\u0259rin c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259y\u0259 borclu idi. H\u0259mv\u0259t\u0259nl\u0259rini xan\u0131n q\u0259z\u0259bind\u0259n qorumaq ist\u0259y\u0259n, vassal durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259yi Allah\u0131n irad\u0259si kimi q\u0259bul edib aqib\u0259ti il\u0259 bar\u0131\u015fan (h\u0259r halda \u00f6zl\u0259rini bel\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n) b\u00f6y\u00fck knyazlar bir qayda olaraq Ordaya s\u0259daq\u0259tl\u0259 qulluq edir, anla\u015fmalar\u0131 pozan soyda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zl\u0259ri c\u0259zaland\u0131rmaqla daha b\u00f6y\u00fck f\u0259lak\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnki \u00e7ox vaxt qurunun oduna ya\u015f da yan\u0131rd\u0131. Vladimir knyaz\u0131 Yaroslav (Vsevolod Bol\u015foye Qnezdonun – \u201cB\u00f6y\u00fck Yuva\u201dn\u0131n – o\u011flu olan Yaroslav 1190-1246-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 Novqorodda, sonra is\u0259 Vladimird\u0259 knyazl\u0131q etmi\u015fdi) \u00f6ld\u00fckd\u0259n sonra onun b\u00f6y\u00fck o\u011flu Andrey atas\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259zif\u0259si il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 h\u0259m d\u0259 \u201cq\u0131z\u0131l yarl\u0131q\u201d\u0131na sahib olmu\u015fdu (ki\u00e7ik o\u011flu Aleksandr is\u0259 Novqorod knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na layiq g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc). Lakin \u00e7ox ke\u00e7m\u0259d\u0259n Andrey x\u0259rac\u0131 \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259n imtina etm\u0259kl\u0259 \u00f6z knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da, qarda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da, qon\u015fu yurdlar\u0131 da t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259y\u0259 atd\u0131. Aleksandr (sonradan \u201cNevski\u201d l\u0259q\u0259bi il\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhur olan knyaz) t\u0259dbirli davranmasayd\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259hali tatar qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259z\u0259bin\u0259 d\u00fc\u00e7ar olacaqd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnki x\u0259rac toplan\u0131lmas\u0131 Ordan\u0131n vassall\u0131qlarla m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 gu\u015f\u0259 da\u015f\u0131 rolunu oynay\u0131r, onu \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259n imtina etm\u0259k \u00fcsyankarl\u0131q hesab edilirdi. Aleksandr xanla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb raz\u0131la\u015faraq, q\u0131r\u011f\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz olduqdan sonra da bu h\u0259ssas v\u0259 prinsipial m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni daim diqq\u0259td\u0259 saxlam\u0131\u015f, rus yurdlar\u0131n\u0131 f\u0259lak\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259ri amans\u0131zcas\u0131na c\u0259zaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, m\u0259rk\u0259z t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n c\u0259za y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sin\u0259 yol verm\u0259mi\u015fdi. \u201cAleksandr Nevskinin h\u0259yat\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 yar\u0131msalnam\u0259vi, yar\u0131m\u0259d\u0259bi abid\u0259d\u0259 \u201cBat\u0131n\u0131n o\u011fullu\u011funu q\u0259bul etmi\u015f Aleksandr Nevski h\u0259m \u00f6z torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 dig\u0259r rus torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 yadellil\u0259rd\u0259n qorumu\u015f ideal rus knyaz\u0131 kimi t\u0259svir edilir v\u0259 m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s \u015f\u0259xs qismind\u0259 t\u0259qdim olunur. \u201cQali\u00e7-Vol\u0131n salnam\u0259si\u201dnin \u0259sas q\u0259hr\u0259man\u0131 Daniil Romanovi\u00e7 d\u0259 Bat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259b\u0259\u0259liyini q\u0259bul etm\u0259kl\u0259 \u00f6z torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lardan qoruyur v\u0259 tatar qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259rk\u0259rd\u0259si qismind\u0259 macarlar \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259rlik edir (T.V\u0259lixanl\u0131).<\/p>\n

M\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r bax\u0131m\u0131ndan Novqorod hadis\u0259l\u0259ri x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u00a0ibr\u0259tamizdir. Boyarlar respublikas\u0131 (var-d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259, cah-c\u0259lal\u0131na, q\u00fcdr\u0259tin\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, m\u0259\u011frur davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 Rus ell\u0259rind\u0259 bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259r-respublika \u201cc\u0259nab B\u00f6y\u00fck Novqorod\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131) olan\u00a0 Novqorodda m\u00fch\u00fcm q\u0259rarlar \u201cve\u00e7e\u201d adlanan \u00fcmumi y\u0131\u011f\u0131ncaqda \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. 1257-ci ild\u0259 \u0259halinin siyah\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda \u0259mr g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259 (rus yurdlar\u0131nda \u0259halinin say\u0131lmas\u0131 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1240-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131) vergid\u0259n yay\u0131nmaq ist\u0259y\u0259n boyarlar\u0131n t\u0259\u015fviqi il\u0259 ve\u00e7e buna raz\u0131l\u0131q verm\u0259di. Xan\u0131n q\u0259rar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xmaq Ordada yolverilm\u0259z cinay\u0259t say\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 cavab\u0131 olduqca s\u0259rt verilirdi. Vaxtil\u0259 Novqorodu idar\u0259 etmi\u015f b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz Aleksandr (Nevski) ve\u00e7ed\u0259 q\u0259rarlar\u0131n nec\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da, k\u00fctl\u0259ni kiml\u0259rin idar\u0259 etdiyini v\u0259 q\u0131z\u0131\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da (\u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 onlardan az \u00e7\u0259km\u0259mi\u015fdi), g\u00f6zl\u0259nil\u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259nin miqyas\u0131n\u0131 da yax\u015f\u0131 bilir v\u0259 anlay\u0131rd\u0131. Odur ki, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn faci\u0259ni \u00f6nl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vaxt itirm\u0259di, d\u0259rhal \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u0259 qo\u015fun yerid\u0259r\u0259k qiyam\u0131 yat\u0131rd\u0131. Lakin cinay\u0259ti c\u0259zas\u0131z buraxmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildi. Aleksandr t\u0259r\u0259dd\u00fcd etm\u0259d\u0259n ve\u00e7ed\u0259 s\u00f6z sahibi olan qudur\u011fan boyarlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 mil \u00e7\u0259kdirdi. Bu, g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015f bir q\u0259ddarl\u0131q idi v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tinin Ordada raz\u0131l\u0131qla qar\u015f\u0131lansa da, ruslar aras\u0131nda hidd\u0259t do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz,\u00a0 bu tarixi add\u0131m\u0131 atark\u0259n q\u0131zm\u0131\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u0259qs\u0259dini ayd\u0131n bir t\u0259rzd\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131qlam\u0131\u015f, qiyama r\u0259hb\u0259rlik ed\u0259nl\u0259rin b\u0259sir\u0259tsizliyini v\u0259 yek\u0259xanal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmaz m\u0259suliyy\u0259tsizlik v\u0259 g\u00fcnahs\u0131z xalq\u0131 he\u00e7 n\u0259d\u0259n q\u0131r\u011f\u0131na verm\u0259k c\u0259hdi kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirmi\u015fdi. Onun s\u00f6zl\u0259ri bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 ruslar aras\u0131nda z\u0259rb-m\u0259s\u0259l kimi xat\u0131rlan\u0131r: \u201cBir g\u00f6z ki, a\u015fkar h\u0259qiq\u0259ti g\u00f6rm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k, kor olsa yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Aleksandr bununla \u00f6z xalq\u0131na ac\u0131 reall\u0131qla bar\u0131\u015fmaq d\u0259rsi verm\u0259k ist\u0259mi\u015f v\u0259 buna nail ola bilmi\u015fdi. Sonralar da bir \u00e7ox rus knyazlar\u0131 analoji durumlarda onun yolu il\u0259 getm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kinm\u0259mi\u015fl\u0259r. XIV \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Moskva b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz\u0131 \u0130van Danilovi\u00e7in (tarixd\u0259 \u0130van Kalita kimi tan\u0131n\u0131r) \u00d6zb\u0259k xan\u0131n qo\u015funlar\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Tver v\u0259 Rostovda ke\u00e7irdiyi s\u0259rt c\u0259za t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri buna misald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130van Danilovi\u00e7in d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Moskva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n illik x\u0259rac\u0131 ton yar\u0131m g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r idi. X\u0259rac\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00f6y\u00fck knyazla birlikd\u0259 Rus elin\u0259 t\u0259hkim olunan y\u00fcks\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259li Orda m\u0259murlar\u0131 da m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131lar. Asayi\u015fin t\u0259minat\u0131, m\u00fck\u0259ll\u0259fiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin tam h\u0259cmd\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetirilm\u0259si, pozucu h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 1257-1259-cu ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u201cbaskak\u201d t\u0259sisat\u0131 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Vassal \u0259yal\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 xan hakimiyy\u0259tini m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259sk\u0259nl\u0259rind\u0259 h\u0259y\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfatlar \u00fczr\u0259 vahid vergi v\u0259 m\u00fck\u0259ll\u0259fiyy\u0259tl\u0259r sistemi t\u0259sdiq olunmu\u015fdu. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Rus elind\u0259 \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k statuslu tatar valil\u0259ri baskaklar say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Rus knyazlar\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259halisi \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t funksiyas\u0131n\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirdikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onlar\u0131n \u0259mrin\u0259 h\u0259rbi d\u0259st\u0259\u00a0 verilirdi. Tarix\u00e7il\u0259rin fikrinc\u0259, sad\u0259 ruslar Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin t\u0259msil\u00e7isi kimi yaln\u0131z baskak v\u0259 dar\u011falar\u0131 tan\u0131y\u0131r, daha do\u011frusu, vergil\u0259rin toplan\u0131lmas\u0131, m\u00fck\u0259ll\u0259fiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin yerin\u0259 yetirilm\u0259si \u0259snas\u0131nda onlar\u0131n s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 olurdular. Berke xan rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si (vergil\u0259rin artmas\u0131, \u0259sg\u0259r v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259tkarlar\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 c\u0259lb olunmas\u0131, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ustalar\u0131n Saraya g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259si v\u0259 s.) il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar dar\u011fal\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 qurmu\u015f, m\u00fclki v\u0259 h\u0259rbi quruculuq i\u015fl\u0259rini bu t\u0259\u015fkilata tap\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u018fhalinin qeyd\u0259 al\u0131nmas\u0131, vergil\u0259rin v\u0259 x\u0259rac\u0131n toplan\u0131b \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, po\u00e7t v\u0259 \u0259sg\u0259rlik m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rinin nizamlanmas\u0131 dar\u011falar\u0131n s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t dair\u0259sin\u0259 daxil idi. B\u0259zi hallarda onlar da x\u0259rac v\u0259 vergil\u0259rin toplan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n muzd m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 h\u0259val\u0259 edirdil\u0259r. Ruslar bel\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u201cotkup\u015fik\u201d deyirdil\u0259r. 1262-ci ild\u0259 bu i\u015fi Buxara m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131n\u0131n, Yaroslavlda Zasima adl\u0131 m\u00fcs\u0259lmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etmi\u015f bir rusun v\u0259 s. g\u00f6rd\u00fckl\u0259ri m\u0259lumdur. Ayd\u0131nd\u0131r ki, \u201cotkup\u015fik\u201dl\u0259r vergi v\u0259 x\u0259rac\u0131n s\u00fcni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259, bir \u00e7ox hallarda is\u0259 \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131na art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yolu il\u0259 varlanmaq niyy\u0259ti g\u00fcd\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r v\u0259 bu da yerli \u0259halini naraz\u0131 sal\u0131r, b\u0259z\u0259n bu z\u0259mind\u0259 lokal toqqu\u015fmalar ba\u015f verirdi. Moskva b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz\u0131 \u0130van Kalitan\u0131n Orda xan\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn Rus elinin x\u0259rac\u0131n\u0131 toplamaq h\u00fcququna layiq g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259si d\u0259 bel\u0259 hallar\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa hesablanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bu, eyni zamanda udel knyazlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz\u0131n n\u00fcfuzunu bir q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Onu da qeyd ed\u0259k ki, \u201cq\u0131z\u0131l yarl\u0131q\u201d, sahibin\u0259 daha geni\u015f imtiyazlar yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn (m\u0259s., Tver knyaz\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckd\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k Moskva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na aid torpaqlar\u0131 zorla \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdiyi m\u0259lumdur) udel knyazlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259 v\u0259 didi\u015fm\u0259 predmetin\u0259 \u00e7evrilirdi ki, bu da Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Rus eli \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 siyasi t\u0259sir, yeri g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259 t\u0259zyiq al\u0259ti kimi istifad\u0259 edilirdi. XV \u0259srd\u0259 el\u0259 vaxt olmu\u015fdu ki, xan, h\u0259m Suzdal (Dmitri Konstantinovi\u00e7), h\u0259m d\u0259 Moskva knyaz\u0131na (Dmitri Donskoy) \u201cq\u0131z\u0131l yarl\u0131q\u201d vermi\u015f, bununla onlar\u0131 toqqu\u015fdurub m\u00fcharib\u0259 h\u0259ddin\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 (do\u011frudur, pravoslav kils\u0259sinin vasit\u0259\u00e7ilyi il\u0259 ixtilaf yoluna qoyulmu\u015fdu). \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, m\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259t rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131nda iqtisadi-siyasi v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti daim ciddi n\u0259zar\u0259t alt\u0131nda saxlay\u0131r, h\u0259r hans\u0131 knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nsa g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, etnik-siyasi v\u0259 ya dini m\u0259rk\u0259z rolu qazanmas\u0131na, udell\u0259r aras\u0131nda balans\u0131n pozulmas\u0131na yol vermir, bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00fcsul v\u0259 metodlardan istifad\u0259 edirdi. XIV \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda \u00d6zb\u0259k xan\u0131n Moskvaya r\u0259qib kimi B\u00f6y\u00fck Nijeqorod-Suzdal knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259sis etm\u0259si buna misal ola bil\u0259r. X\u00fclas\u0259 ets\u0259k, vassall\u0131qlarda, ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 is\u0259 Rus elind\u0259 s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin t\u0259m\u0259l prinsipl\u0259rini m\u0259hz d\u0259qiq v\u0259 \u00e7evik funksionall\u0131q, m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259n ciddi n\u0259zar\u0259t v\u0259 t\u0259xir\u0259sal\u0131nmaz reaktivlik t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n Dmitri Donskoy \u0259traf\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 c\u0259hdl\u0259ri m\u0259hz Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada m\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tin z\u0259ifl\u0259diyi, xanlar\u0131n tez-tez \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259ndiyi d\u00f6vrd\u0259 ba\u015f tutmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat, \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u00e7ilik v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda monarxiyas\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259rbi-siyasi q\u00fcdr\u0259ti m\u00f6hk\u0259m iqtisadi strukturla\u015fmaya\u00a0 \u0259saslan\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130qtisadi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t iqlim \u015f\u0259raitinin v\u0259 torpaqlar\u0131n yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 imkanlarla \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259nirdi. \u0130qlim qur\u015faqlar\u0131 kimi t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat sah\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 \u00e7oxc\u0259h\u0259tli idi. \u0130mperiya \u0259razil\u0259rinin \u0259ks\u0259r qismini \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259r (bozq\u0131r) t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. \u00c7\u00f6ll\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259hali k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri v\u0259 yar\u0131mk\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi ke\u00e7irir, k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259r tez-tez ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259sk\u0259nl\u0259rini d\u0259yi\u015fir, yar\u0131mk\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259r yayda c\u0259nubdan \u015fimala, q\u0131\u015fda is\u0259 \u0259ksin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 edir, \u0259sas\u0259n heyvandarl\u0131qla (qoyun\u00e7uluq, at\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q, maldarl\u0131lq) m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olurdular. Bununla bel\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda \u0259kin\u00e7ilik d\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tuturdu. \u00dc\u00e7tarlal\u0131 sistem \u0259sas\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca olaraq d\u0259nli bitkil\u0259r yeti\u015fdirilirdi. Orda n\u0259inki \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6r\u0259kl\u0259 tam t\u0259min edir, h\u0259tta xaric\u0259 d\u0259 tax\u0131l g\u00f6nd\u0259rirdi. Ba\u011f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 meyv\u0259\u00e7ilik geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Daxili v\u0259 xarici ticar\u0259t \u00f6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda x\u00fcsusi yer tuturdu. Tacirl\u0259r xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n z\u0259ruri mal v\u0259 m\u0259hsullarla t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 x\u00fcsusi tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131qlar da yerin\u0259 yetirir, eyni zamanda m\u00fch\u00fcm informasiya da\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 kimi Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n xarici siyas\u0259tinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda dolay\u0131s\u0131 il\u0259 i\u015ftirak edirdil\u0259r. Onlara yam xidm\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n geni\u015f istifad\u0259 imkanlar\u0131 yarad\u0131l\u0131r, ticar\u0259t karvanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlyi y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259min edilirdi. D\u00f6vl\u0259t, z\u0259rur\u0259t yarand\u0131qca, h\u0259tta tacirl\u0259rin maliyy\u0259 ehtiyaclar\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na da yard\u0131m g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 ticar\u0259tin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fviq etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 ortaql\u0131q institutu yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 x\u00fcsusi maraq do\u011furur. Uy\u011furlardan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bu t\u0259sisat strateji \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131yan v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k g\u0259lir v\u0259d ed\u0259n ticar\u0259t sah\u0259l\u0259rinin d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n kreditl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sini n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tuturdu. \u201cD\u00f6vl\u0259tin orta\u011f\u0131\u201d statusu alan tacirl\u0259r \u0259lav\u0259 maddi imkanlar v\u0259 vergi imtiyazlar\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259 edir, qon\u015fu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcasir ticar\u0259t n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259likl\u0259rin\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r qurumlar yarad\u0131r, inzibati resurslardan faydalan\u0131rd\u0131lar (m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r zaman\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00f6z \u201cortaq\u201dlar\u0131n\u0131n karvanlar\u0131na d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n ke\u00e7id t\u0259min edir, \u0259sir g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n tacirl\u0259r v\u0259 onlar\u0131n mallar\u0131 ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 azad edilirdi v\u0259 s.). M\u0259hz bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259r say\u0259sind\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda tacirl\u0259ri Yax\u0131n v\u0259 Orta \u015e\u0259rq, habel\u0259 Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 geni\u015f \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r qurur,\u00a0 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rli t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259r verirdil\u0259r. Orta Asiya, Elxanil\u0259r, M\u0259ml\u00fckl\u0259r, Bizans, Litva, Venesiya v\u0259 Genuya \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n x\u0259z-d\u0259ri m\u0259mulatlar\u0131, cins atlar, \u0259sirl\u0259r, d\u0259nli bitkil\u0259r, pendir, bal\u0131q, mal-qara apar\u0131l\u0131r, qay\u0131danba\u015f b\u0259z\u0259k v\u0259 zin\u0259t \u0259\u015fyalar\u0131, \u00e7ini qablar, ip\u0259k, q\u0131z\u0131l-g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f silahlar, par\u00e7a v\u0259 xal\u00e7alar, inci, m\u0259rcan v\u0259 s. g\u0259tirilirdi. \u00c7in v\u0259 Hindistandan al\u0131nan ip\u0259k v\u0259 \u0259dviyyat\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck bir hiss\u0259si tranzit yolu il\u0259 Q\u0259rbi Avropaya ixrac edilirdi. B\u0259zi \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 yunanlar\u0131n v\u0259 \u0130taliya \u015f\u0259h\u0259r-respublikalar\u0131n\u0131n ticar\u0259t-s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131q koloniyalar\u0131 (K\u0259f\u0259d\u0259 genuyal\u0131lar, Azakda venesiyal\u0131lar v\u0259 s.) f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif s\u0259n\u0259t sah\u0259l\u0259ri (d\u0259mir\u00e7ilik, silah i\u015fi, d\u0259ri\u00e7ilik, dulus\u00e7uluq, z\u0259rg\u0259rlik, \u015f\u00fc\u015f\u0259 istehsal\u0131 v\u0259 s.) inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

Deyil\u0259nl\u0259rd\u0259n d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda he\u00e7 d\u0259 bir \u201cstep imperiyas\u0131\u201d deyildi. Onun \u0259razisind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck ticar\u0259t, idxalat-ixracat m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri v\u0259 tranzit m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri kimi m\u00fch\u00fcm \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 malik 30-dan art\u0131q iri \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin oldu\u011fu m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259sbit edilir. Dnestryan\u0131da Akkerman (Belqorod), \u018fski\u015f\u0259h\u0259r, Kr\u0131mda Q\u0131rx\u0259r, Orta Volqaboyunda Bulqar (\u018fski Kazan), Cuketau, Kazan, Ka\u015fan, Mux\u015fa, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Volqaboyunda Ukek, Saray \u0259l-M\u0259hrus\u0259, Saray \u0259l-c\u0259did (Saray Berke), Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan, \u015eimali Qafqazda Macar, D\u0259rb\u0259nd, Orta Asiyada Xar\u0259zm, \u00dcrg\u0259nc, G\u00fcl\u00fcstan, Aralyan\u0131 \u0259razid\u0259 C\u0259nd, S\u0131\u011fnaq, Otrar, Sayram, Sibird\u0259 \u0130sk\u0259r, T\u00fcmen v\u0259 ba\u015fqa m\u0259\u015fhur \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rl\u0259 (bir \u00e7ox\u00a0 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu siyah\u0131ya Bak\u0131, T\u0259briz, \u015eabran, \u015eamax\u0131 da daxil edilir) birlikd\u0259 ulus, \u0259mirlik, el, dair\u0259 v\u0259 ba\u015fqa inzibati-\u0259razi vahidl\u0259rinin m\u0259rk\u0259zi olan 150-d\u0259n art\u0131q \u015f\u0259h\u0259r tipli m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259r m\u0259lumdur. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda adi m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirilmi\u015f istehkamlar da, m\u00fcasir dill\u0259 \u201cmeqapolis\u201d adland\u0131ra bil\u0259c\u0259yimiz iri ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 yer al\u0131rd\u0131. \u018fks\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin \u0259traf\u0131nda geni\u015f oturaq-\u0259kin\u00e7i t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfatlar\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Monqol imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 Karakorum 30 il\u0259 tikilmi\u015fdi. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rin \u0259razisi 375 hektar, \u0259halisi 30 min n\u0259f\u0259r idi. Memarl\u0131q v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rsalma sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u00f6rn\u0259k g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f Karakorum o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259 varl\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u018fn\u0259n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, elm, ticar\u0259t, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t m\u0259rk\u0259zi olan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r (paytaxt istisna edilm\u0259kl\u0259) B\u00f6y\u00fck xaqana tabe olur v\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r hallarda yerli m\u00fcs\u0259lman ail\u0259l\u0259rinin idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin\u0259 verilirdi (m\u0259s., Amu-D\u0259ryadan \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstana q\u0259d\u0259r geni\u015f bir \u0259razid\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n q\u0259dim M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiya \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri co\u011frafi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n \u00c7a\u011fatay\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u0259 aid olsa da, Mahmud v\u0259 M\u0259sud Yalavac qarda\u015flar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olunurdu). Bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r, bir n\u00f6v, avtonom olub, vergil\u0259rini ulus xan\u0131na deyil, birba\u015fa Orda x\u0259zin\u0259sin\u0259 \u00f6d\u0259yirdi.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n \u0259sas administrativ m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri Bulqar (\u018fski Kazan), Saray Bat\u0131 (haz\u0131rk\u0131 H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) v\u0259 Saray Berke (haz\u0131rk\u0131 Volqoqrad yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) idi. Ordan\u0131n birinci paytaxt\u0131 Saray \u0259l-M\u0259hrus\u0259 (Saray Bat\u0131) Bat\u0131 xan\u0131n q\u0131p\u00e7aq s\u0259f\u0259rind\u0259n sonra Volqa \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n sol sahilind\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 Berke xan m\u00fcs\u0259lmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etdikd\u0259n sonra t\u00fcrk-\u0130slam m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin incil\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdi. \u0130slam al\u0259mi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r geni\u015fl\u0259ndikc\u0259 Xar\u0259zm memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcslubunda inki\u015faf ed\u0259n bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259 m\u0259scid v\u0259 m\u0259dr\u0259s\u0259l\u0259r, t\u00fcrb\u0259 v\u0259 karvansaralar, hamamlar funksional t\u0259yinat\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259rsiz s\u0259n\u0259t abid\u0259l\u0259ri idi. \u0130mperiyan\u0131n ortas\u0131nda, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck ticar\u0259t yollar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259si\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi v\u0259 geni\u015f iqtisadi \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 malik oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Saray Bat\u0131 XIV \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda art\u0131q Avropan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n biri idi. \u018frazisi h\u0259nd\u0259v\u0259rind\u0259ki q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 36 kvadrat kilometr\u0259, \u0259halisi is\u0259 75 min n\u0259f\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. M\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f su v\u0259 kanalizasiya k\u0259m\u0259rl\u0259ri \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015f, bi\u015fmi\u015f k\u0259rpicd\u0259n m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m saraylar, ictimai binalar, malikan\u0259l\u0259r tikilmi\u015fdi. Saray Berke ad\u0131 il\u0259 daha \u00e7ox tan\u0131nan Saray \u0259l-C\u0259did \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin yaranma tarixi bir q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcbahis\u0259lidir. B\u0259zi tarix\u00e7il\u0259r onun 1260-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Berke xan, b\u0259zil\u0259ri is\u0259 t\u0259qrib\u0259n XIV \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda (1340-c\u0131 ild\u0259) \u00d6zb\u0259k xan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrin\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259fdar \u00e7\u0131x\u0131rlar. H\u0259r bir halda \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n ikinci\u00a0 paytaxt\u0131 kimi \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fc \u00d6zb\u0259k xan\u0131n o\u011flu Can\u0131b\u0259yin s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 (1341\/42-1357) t\u0259sad\u00fcf etdiyi \u015f\u0259ksizdir. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 orta \u0259srl\u0259rin \u0259n \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259n\u0259n \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259n Saray \u0259l-C\u0259did planla\u015fd\u0131rma v\u0259 infrastruktur bax\u0131m\u0131ndan daha \u0259lveri\u015fli v\u0259 etibarl\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. B\u0259zi m\u0259lumatlara g\u00f6r\u0259, Saray Berkenin \u0259halisi 100 mini \u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130bn Batutan\u0131n s\u0259yah\u0259tnam\u0259sind\u0259n 1330-cu ill\u0259rd\u0259 burada 13 b\u00f6y\u00fck c\u00fcm\u0259 m\u0259scidinin, onlarla m\u0259h\u0259ll\u0259 m\u0259scidinin oldu\u011funu \u00f6yr\u0259nirik.<\/p>\n

\u018fr\u0259b m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fcnbit elm v\u0259 t\u0259hsil m\u00fchiti yaranm\u0131\u015f, astronomiya, t\u0259bab\u0259t, co\u011frafiya kimi elml\u0259r geni\u015f inti\u015far tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Frederik Star\u0131n \u201c\u0130tirilmi\u015f maarif\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiya \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 apar\u0131lan elmi t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 dair kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r z\u0259ngin material toplan\u0131b. \u018fd\u0259bi dilin yaranmas\u0131, b\u0259dii, elmi, tarixi \u00fcslublar\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131 bu d\u00f6vr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi hald\u0131r. \u201cT\u00fcrki\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lan (b\u0259z\u0259n \u201cxaqaniyy\u0259\u201d d\u0259 deyilir) bu \u0259d\u0259bi dil \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 Volqaboyunda meydana g\u0259lmi\u015f,\u00a0 sonradan b\u00fct\u00fcn Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. T\u00fcrk-tatar \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259dim n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri say\u0131lan bir \u00e7ox m\u0259nzum v\u0259 m\u0259nsur \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r \u201ct\u00fcrki\u201d dilind\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 ya bu dil\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada \u0259d\u0259bi prosesin \u0259n \u00fcmumi v\u0259 s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 toxunacaq olsaq, iki m\u00fch\u00fcm c\u0259h\u0259t\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirm\u0259liyik. Bunlardan biri b\u0259dii \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259t etibaril\u0259 dini maarif\u00e7i mahiyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, ikincisi is\u0259 n\u00fcfuzlu zad\u0259ganlar\u0131n, boy b\u0259yl\u0259rinin sifari\u015fi il\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M.F.K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc \u201cRibati-O\u011fuzdan olan\u201d R\u0259b\u011fuzinin \u201cQisas\u00fcl-\u0259nbiya\u201d (\u201cPey\u011f\u0259mb\u0259rl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda qiss\u0259l\u0259r\u201d, 1310\/1311) \u0259s\u0259rini monqol oldu\u011fu halda \u0130slamiyy\u0259ti q\u0259bul edib gec\u0259-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ibad\u0259tl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan “\u018fmir\u00fcl-\u0259cc\u0259l tac\u00fcl-\u00fcmara m\u00fchibb\u00fcl \u00fcl\u0259ma b\u0259yl\u0259r ulu\u011fu Nas\u0131r\u00fcddin Tok Bu\u011fan\u0131n \u0259mri il\u0259\u201d q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131r. B\u00f6y\u00fck alimin t\u0259xminin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, \u0259s\u0259rin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259d \u0130slam dinin\u0259 yeni ke\u00e7mi\u015f \u201cb\u0259sit zehniyy\u0259tl\u0259rin ehtiyac\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k\u201ddir. \u018fs\u0259rin dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dilin\u0259 yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bununla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cQisas\u00fcl-\u0259nbiya\u201dda H\u0259zr\u0259ti M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dl\u0259 (s.\u0259.s.) yana\u015f\u0131 \u0130slam dinind\u0259 m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s say\u0131an dig\u0259r pey\u011f\u0259mb\u0259rl\u0259rin, \u00c7aharyar\u0131n (ilk d\u00f6rd x\u0259lif\u0259nin), imam H\u0259s\u0259n v\u0259 imam H\u00fcseynin m\u0259\u015fhur m\u0259nqib\u0259l\u0259ri, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 Avc bin Ank, Harut v\u0259 Marut, \u018fshabi-k\u0259hf haqq\u0131nda \u0259fsan\u0259vi qiss\u0259l\u0259r yer al\u0131r. Quran ay\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 bir s\u0131ra t\u0259fsirl\u0259r\u0259 istinad ed\u0259n R\u0259b\u011fuzi eyni zamanda \u018fbu \u0130shaq Ni\u015faburinin “Qisas\u00fcl-\u0259nbiya”s\u0131na v\u0259 dig\u0259r bir s\u0131ra n\u00fcfuzlu m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etdiyini yaz\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu is\u0259 \u0259s\u0259ri b\u0259dii v\u0259 dini d\u0259y\u0259ri il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r h\u0259m d\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fcn dini-m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131 haqq\u0131nda geni\u015f m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7an z\u0259ngin m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n saymaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas verir. M\u00fc\u0259llifin bir \u00e7ox qiss\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u0259r\u0259b qaynaqlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 yoxdur. \u201cQisas\u00fcl-\u0259nbiya\u201d v\u0259 \u201cKutadgu-bili\u011f\u201d aras\u0131nda da (x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u201cbahariyy\u0259\u201d hiss\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259) ox\u015farl\u0131qlar m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 ed\u0259n aliml\u0259r bu paralell\u0259r\u0259 istinad\u0259n\u00a0 Qaraxanil\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Balasaqunlu Yusif Xas Hacibin (1017, Balasaqun- 1077, Ka\u015f\u011far) v\u0259 onun m\u0259\u015fhur \u0259s\u0259rinin Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada m\u0259lum olmas\u0131 q\u0259na\u0259tin\u0259 g\u0259lmi\u015fl\u0259r (\u0130. Q\u0259f\u0259so\u011flunun qeyd etdiyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 Sarayc\u0131qda tap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir k\u00fcp\u00fcn \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u201cKutadgu-bilig\u201din bir qit\u0259sini xat\u0131rladan \u015feir par\u00e7as\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131b).<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n farsdilli klassik \u0259d\u0259biyyatdan x\u0259b\u0259rdar oldu\u011funu da \u0259minlikl\u0259 s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. 1341\/42-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u201cXosrov v\u0259 \u015eirin\u201d m\u0259sn\u0259visini q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alan (bu m\u0259nzum\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259, b\u0259z\u0259n orijinal t\u0259lif-t\u0259bdil kimi q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 verilir) Q\u00fctb adl\u0131 (t\u0259x\u0259ll\u00fcsl\u00fc?) \u015fair, \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 Sarayda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, sonra is\u0259 Misir M\u0259ml\u00fckl\u0259ri d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin \u0259razisin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 orada da t\u00fcrk m\u0259d\u0259ni areal\u0131nda daxili harmoniyan\u0131n m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 xidm\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. M\u00fc\u0259llif el\u0259 m\u0259sn\u0259vinin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131ndaca Nizami G\u0259nc\u0259vinin eyniadl\u0131 poemas\u0131ndan b\u0259hr\u0259l\u0259ndiyini bildirir:<\/p>\n

Kazan teg kaynap o\u015f suda pi\u015firdim<\/p>\n

Nizami bal\u0131dan helva pi\u015firdim.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 tarixind\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli yer tutan bir \u00e7ox poetik \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 burada b\u0259dii yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015fli m\u00fchitin h\u00f6km s\u00fcrd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 d\u0259lal\u0259t edir. Xoc\u0259ndinin\u00a0 \u201cL\u0259taifnam\u0259\u201d (yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 il m\u0259lum deyil), H\u00fcsam Katibin \u201cDastani-C\u00fcmc\u00fcm\u0259 sultan\u201d (1368\/69), Seyf Sarayinin (1321-1391) \u201cS\u00fcheyl v\u0259 G\u00fcldursun\u201d,\u00a0 \u201cKitabi-G\u00fcl\u00fcstan bit-t\u00fcrki\u201d (\u201ct\u00fcrkc\u0259 \u201cG\u00fcl\u00fcstan\u201d t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259si\u201d, 1391) \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri y\u00fczill\u0259rin s\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xaraq g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r g\u0259lib \u00e7atm\u0131\u015f m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m s\u00f6z v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259t abid\u0259l\u0259rid\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Seyf Sarayinin \u201cKitabi-G\u00fcl\u00fcstan bit-t\u00fcrki\u201d \u0259s\u0259ri fars \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 klassiki S\u0259di \u015eirazinin m\u0259\u015fhur \u201cG\u00fcl\u00fcstan\u201d poemas\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131b. Geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, \u015fair \u201dG\u00fcl\u00fcstan t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259si\u201dni q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alma\u011fa Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada- Sarayda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Misird\u0259, t\u00fcrk M\u0259ml\u00fckl\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 bitirmi\u015fdir. Didaktik-n\u0259sih\u0259tnam\u0259 s\u0259ciyy\u0259si da\u015f\u0131yan m\u0259sn\u0259vid\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi ictimai v\u0259 ail\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, xeyir v\u0259 \u015f\u0259r, h\u0259qiq\u0259t v\u0259 yalan, h\u00f6kmdar-r\u0259iyy\u0259t, valideyn-\u00f6vlad, dostluq v\u0259 qarda\u015fl\u0131q kimi m\u00f6vzulara dair hakim bax\u0131\u015flar \u015f\u0259rh olunur.<\/p>\n

Xar\u0259zminin 1353-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Can\u0131b\u0259y xan\u0131n \u0259mirl\u0259rind\u0259n Honrad M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d Xocan\u0131n ad\u0131na ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cM\u0259h\u0259bb\u0259tnam\u0259\u201d m\u0259sn\u0259visi sonradan \u201c\u00c7a\u011fatay \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lan z\u0259ngin t\u00fcrk poetik irsinin t\u0259m\u0259l \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n say\u0131l\u0131r. Durb\u0259yin \u015e\u0259rq \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur motivl\u0259ri z\u0259minind\u0259 n\u0259zm\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kdiyi \u201cYusif v\u0259 Z\u00fcleyxa\u201d poemas\u0131n\u0131n Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 geni\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259vilik qazanmas\u0131 da t\u0259sad\u00fcfi say\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 \u015fifahi xalq \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 co\u015fqun inki\u015faf edir v\u0259 milli \u015feirin forma v\u0259 m\u0259zmunca z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ndirirdi. Xalq a\u015f\u0131qlar\u0131ndan (ak\u0131n) Asan Kay\u011fu (b\u0259z\u0259n H\u0259s\u0259n Qay\u011f\u0131l\u0131 kimi t\u0259qdim olunur) v\u0259 Kaztu\u011fan j\u0131raunun qo\u015fma v\u0259 g\u0259rayl\u0131n\u0131 xat\u0131rladan populyar \u015feirl\u0259ri, \u201cYedigey\u201d eposu, \u00d6t\u0259mi\u015f Hac\u0131n\u0131n (XVI \u0259sr) \u201c\u00c7ingiznam\u0259\u201dsi sad\u0259 xalq\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rini \u0259ks etdirir. H\u0259s\u0259n Qay\u011f\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 region xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n eyni soyk\u00f6k\u0259 m\u0259nsublu\u011fu haqq\u0131nda b\u0259hs a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 x\u00fcsusi maraq do\u011furur: \u201cNo\u011fay, kazak, ba\u015fkurt – tubimiz bir, Altay, Erti\u015f, Oraln\u0131-k\u0131d\u0131r\u011fanm\u0131z\u201d (Noqay, qazax, ba\u015fq\u0131rd- k\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcz birdir. Altay, \u0130rt\u0131\u015f v\u0259 Ural \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259rind\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fik). T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, xalq a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015feirl\u0259ri bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 noqaylar, qazaxlar, qaraqalpaqlar, ba\u015fq\u0131rdlar, kum\u0131klar, q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar, Kr\u0131m t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda dill\u0259r \u0259zb\u0259ridir.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda m\u0259nzum v\u0259 m\u0259nsur \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r, t\u0259xmin\u0259n eyni x\u00fcsusi \u00e7\u0259kiy\u0259 malikdir. M\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r n\u0259zml\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 n\u0259srin d\u0259 populyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qeyd edirl\u0259r. \u018fli o\u011flu Mahmud \u0259l-Bulqari \u0259l-K\u0259rdarinin (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu m\u00fc\u0259llif Mahmud \u0259s-Sarayi \u0259l-Bulqari, b\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 Xar\u0259zmli bin \u018fli kimi t\u0259qdim olunur) \u201cN\u0259ch\u00fcl-f\u0259radis\u201di (Darxan K\u0131d\u0131r\u0259li v\u0259 Qaybulla Babayarov \u0259s\u0259rin ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cC\u0259nn\u0259t\u0259 aparan yol\u201d dey\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131qlay\u0131rlar) d\u00f6vr\u00fcn n\u0259srl\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fah \u0259s\u0259ri say\u0131l\u0131r. (Kitab\u0131n yaranma tarixi m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 gah 1342, gah da 1359\/ 1360 kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rilir.) M\u00fc\u0259llif 40 m\u0259\u015fhur h\u0259dis se\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k 10 f\u0259sild\u0259n ibar\u0259t 4 bab \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 toplam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 bunlar\u0131n h\u0259r birinin izah\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fdir. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 H\u0259zr\u0259ti-Pey\u011f\u0259mb\u0259r (s.\u0259.s.) v\u0259 s\u0259hab\u0259l\u0259rinin, X\u00fcl\u0259fayi-Ra\u015fidinin (ilk d\u00f6rd x\u0259lif\u0259nin), \u00fcl\u0259ma v\u0259 \u015feyxl\u0259rin k\u0259lamlar\u0131 onlar\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131na dair r\u0259vay\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259sasland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, h\u0259disl\u0259rin izah\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Z\u0259m\u0259x\u015f\u0259ri, \u0130spicabi, \u0130mam Zeyn\u00fcl Fird\u00f6vsi, Vakidi, \u0130mam M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d Katib kimi \u00fcl\u0259malar\u0131n kitablar\u0131ndan, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 \u018fbu Talib M\u0259kkinin “Kut\u00fcl-kulub”undan m\u0259x\u0259z kimi istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. Dini elm v\u0259 bilikl\u0259rd\u0259n son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 m\u0259lumatl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259llif bu m\u0259\u015fhur \u0259s\u0259rini \u0130slam \u0259xlaq\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 bir s\u0131ra \u015f\u0259ri\u0259t ehkamlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259bli\u011fi m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 \u00a0q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u201cN\u0259ch\u00fcl-f\u0259radis\u201din birinci bab\u0131nda H\u0259zr\u0259ti Pey\u011f\u0259mb\u0259rin (s.\u0259.s.),\u00a0 ikinci babda X\u00fcl\u0259fayi-Ra\u015fidin v\u0259 \u0259hli-beytin h\u0259yat v\u0259 f\u0259zil\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fan h\u0259disl\u0259r xat\u0131rlan\u0131r, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0 babda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u0259xlaqi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc babda is\u0259 q\u0259bah\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n b\u0259hs olunur.<\/p>\n

Darxan K\u0131d\u0131r\u0259li v\u0259 Qaybulla Babayarovun orta m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu yax\u0131nlarda t\u0259rtib etdikl\u0259ri \u201cOrtaq t\u00fcrk tarixi\u201d kitab\u0131nda Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131na h\u0259sr olunan b\u0259hsd\u0259 d\u00fcnya t\u00fcrkologiyas\u0131nda \u201cCodex Cuman\u0131\u0441us\u201d ad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhur olan s\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 x\u00fcsusi dayan\u0131l\u0131r. Qeyd olunur ki, bu \u0259s\u0259r XIII-XIV \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 \u015eimali Qara d\u0259niz sahill\u0259rind\u0259 italyanlar v\u0259 almanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n toplanm\u0131\u015f q\u0131p\u00e7aq dili materiallar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda t\u0259rtib edilmi\u015fdir v\u0259 Avropa dill\u0259rind\u0259n t\u00fcrkc\u0259y\u0259, t\u00fcrkc\u0259d\u0259n is\u0259 Avropa dill\u0259rin\u0259 ilk t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 l\u00fc\u011f\u0259tidir. \u018fs\u0259rin ad\u0131 lat\u0131n dilind\u0259n \u201cKuman\/q\u0131p\u00e7aq l\u00fc\u011f\u0259ti\u201d kimi t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 olunur. \u018fs\u0259ri \u015f\u0259rti olaraq iki hiss\u0259y\u0259 ay\u0131r\u0131rlar. Birinci hiss\u0259nin q\u0131p\u00e7aq-fars-lat\u0131n, ikincinin is\u0259 q\u0131p\u00e7aq-alman v\u0259 q\u0131p\u00e7aq-lat\u0131n s\u00f6zl\u00fckl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t oldu\u011fu bildirilir. Misal kimi xristian dua v\u0259 psalmlar\u0131ndan q\u0131p\u00e7aqcaya \u00e7evirm\u0259l\u0259rin, habel\u0259 47 q\u0131p\u00e7aq tapmacas\u0131n\u0131n verilm\u0259si maraq do\u011furur. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 q\u0131p\u00e7aq dilinin b\u0259zi qrammatik qaydalar\u0131na da toxunulub.<\/p>\n

\u015eeyx \u015e\u0259r\u0259f adl\u0131 t\u00fcrkm\u0259n f\u0259qihi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ehtimal edil\u0259n \u201cM\u00fcin\u00fcl-m\u00fcrid\u201d (1313) kitab\u0131 da d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fctl\u0259vilik qazanm\u0131\u015f n\u0259sr \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259ndir. Xar\u0259zmli \u018fb\u00fclqazi Bahadur xan “\u015e\u0259c\u0259reyi-t\u0259rakim\u0259”sind\u0259 \u201cM\u00fcin\u00fcl-m\u00fcrid\u201din yaz\u0131lma tarix\u00e7\u0259sind\u0259n s\u00f6z a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Onun q\u0259na\u0259tinc\u0259, salur q\u0259bil\u0259sin\u0259 m\u0259nsub n\u00fcfuzlu b\u0259yl\u0259rd\u0259n olan \u018fr Sar\u0131bay \u00dcrg\u0259ncin m\u0259\u015fhur \u015feyxl\u0259rind\u0259n \u015e\u0259r\u0259fin yan\u0131na gedib, ondan \u0259r\u0259bc\u0259 bilm\u0259y\u0259n k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri t\u00fcrkl\u0259rin dini m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 istinad ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259ri t\u00fcrkc\u0259 bir \u0259s\u0259r yazmas\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259mi\u015f v\u0259 \u201cM\u00fcin\u00fcl-m\u00fcrid\u201d bu minvalla yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. M.F.K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc \u0259s\u0259rin m\u0259zmunca \u201c\u00f6yr\u0259dici\u201d mahiyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259sas etibaril\u0259\u00a0 \u201ciman, m\u0259rif\u0259ti-haqq, m\u0259rif\u0259ti-r\u0259sul, namaz\u0131n \u0259rkan\u0131, \u0259bd\u0259stin f\u0259rzl\u0259ri, k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259ri \u00e7ox maraqland\u0131ran heyvan s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259ri z\u0259kat\u0131, faiz m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259, bir d\u0259 adabi-s\u00fcluk v\u0259 d\u0259rvi\u015fliy\u0259 aid t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcfi m\u00f6vzulara\u201d h\u0259sr olundu\u011funu vur\u011fulay\u0131r: \u201cAnla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ki, m\u00fc\u0259llif klassik \u0259d\u0259biyyata v\u0259 fiqh m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 vaqif bir alim v\u0259 sufidir\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cMeracnam\u0259\u201d v\u0259 \u201cT\u0259zkir\u0259t\u00fcl-\u00f6vliya\u201d ad\u0131 il\u0259 \u00fcz\u00fc d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 h\u0259m uy\u011fur, h\u0259m \u0259r\u0259b \u0259lifbas\u0131 il\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcb yay\u0131lan dini \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r, habel\u0259 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcs\u0259lman f\u0259qihl\u0259rind\u0259n S\u0259dr\u0259ddin \u0259t-T\u0259ft\u0259zaninin, \u0259l-B\u0259zzazinin d\u0259y\u0259rli h\u00fcquq risal\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 eyni d\u00f6vr\u0259 aid n\u0259sr m\u0259hsullar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r bu\u00a0 z\u0259ngin irsin (x\u00fcsus\u0259n XIV \u0259srd\u0259) Misird\u0259 yaranan t\u00fcrkdilli \u0259d\u0259biyyata b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyini d\u0259 vur\u011fulay\u0131rlar ki, bu da \u0259laq\u0259, inki\u015faf v\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259r\u0259k s\u0259ciyy\u0259 da\u015f\u0131yan dig\u0259r bir m\u0259qam- \u0259r\u0259b v\u0259 fars dill\u0259rinin y\u00fcks\u0259k i\u015fl\u0259klik qazanmas\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda uluslar\u0131nda (x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259) da \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. G\u00f6rk\u0259mli tatar tarix\u00e7isi v\u0259 m\u00fct\u0259f\u0259kkiri \u015eihab\u0259ddin M\u0259rcaninin (1818-1889) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, XII-XVI \u0259srl\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 Bulqar v\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259dib v\u0259 ruhanil\u0259ri \u0259r\u0259b-farsdilli \u0259d\u0259biyyata d\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259l\u0259d olmaqla yana\u015f\u0131 bu dill\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r d\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alm\u0131\u015flar. M\u0259rcani bu x\u00fcsusda 20-d\u0259n art\u0131q m\u00fc\u0259llif v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259n s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131r. Z\u0259nnimzc\u0259, h\u0259min risal\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n yaln\u0131z bir ne\u00e7\u0259sini sadalamaqla, Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 haqq\u0131nda\u00a0 t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr\u00fc m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r geni\u015fl\u0259ndir\u0259r\u0259k bu q\u0131sa x\u00fclas\u0259ni yekunla\u015fd\u0131rmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: \u015eeyx B\u00fcrhan\u0259ddin bin X\u0131z\u0131r \u0259l-Bulqarinin \u201cKitab \u00fcsul-\u0259l-H\u00fcsami\u201d (1360), \u015eeyx M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d \u0259l-Bulqarinin \u201cX\u0259zin\u0259t \u0259l-\u00fcl\u0259ma v\u0259 zin\u0259t \u0259l-f\u00fcq\u0259ha\u201d (XIV \u0259sr), Tac\u0259ddin \u0130brahim bin M\u00fch\u0259mm\u0259din \u201c\u00dcsuli-imam F\u0259xr\u0259l-\u0130slam\u201d (1363\/64), \u015eeyx N\u0259cm\u0259ddin \u0259b\u00fcr-Rica Muxtar bin M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d \u0259l-Kazani \u0259l-H\u0259n\u0259fi \u0259l-Zahidinin Berke xana t\u0259qdim etdiyi \u201cRisaleyi-Nasir\u0259\u201d v\u0259 s.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259si v\u0259 s\u00fcqutu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl\u0259 u\u011framas\u0131, par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, onun yerind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 bird\u0259n-bir\u0259 ba\u015f verm\u0259mi\u015f, uzun bir d\u00f6vr\u00fc \u0259hat\u0259 etmi\u015f v\u0259 ciddi siyasi, iqtisadi, sosio-m\u0259d\u0259ni s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rl\u0259 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Vahid d\u00f6vl\u0259tin s\u00fcqutuna aparan amill\u0259r kimi tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda t\u0259bii kataklizml\u0259rd\u0259n (quraql\u0131q, da\u015fq\u0131nlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Volqaboyunun su alt\u0131nda qalmas\u0131, taun\u00a0 epidemiyas\u0131 v\u0259 s.) tutmu\u015f xarici-siyasi t\u0259sirl\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r sadalan\u0131r ki, z\u0259nnimizc\u0259, bunlar\u0131n he\u00e7 birini s\u0259rf-n\u0259z\u0259r etm\u0259k d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmaz. Proses, g\u00fcman ki, bunlar\u0131n k\u00fcll olaraq \u00fcst-\u00fcst\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259si v\u0259 ya n\u00f6vb\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259si il\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nmi\u015fdir. \u0130lk \u00f6nc\u0259, \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259, hakimiyy\u0259t u\u011frunda t\u0259qrib\u0259n 20 illik (XIV \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri) daxili m\u00fcbariz\u0259l\u0259r silsil\u0259si qeyd olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zb\u0259y xan\u0131n zaman\u0131nda \u201cq\u0131z\u0131l d\u00f6vr\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc ya\u015fayan, vahid idar\u0259\u00e7ilik sistemi daha da t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015f\u0259n, iqtisadi y\u00fcks\u0259li\u015finin zirv\u0259sin\u0259 qalxan, t\u00fcrk-\u0130slam m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin \u00f6n\u0259mli m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259n Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda Can\u0131b\u0259y xandan sonra uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli siyasi qar\u0131\u015f\u0131ql\u0131qlar zola\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, b\u00f6hran v\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00a0 d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 (\u201cbulqak d\u00f6vr\u00fc\u201d) q\u0259d\u0259m qoymu\u015fdur. Bu 20 ild\u0259 taxta h\u0259r\u0259si\u00a0 1-2 ild\u0259n art\u0131q s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259t s\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259n 25-d\u0259n \u00e7ox (b\u0259zi tarix\u00e7il\u0259r bu say\u0131 50-y\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131rlar) xan\u0131n g\u0259lm\u0259si fakt\u0131 m\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tin n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 parlaq misald\u0131r. Y\u00fcz il \u0259vv\u0259l (Noqay d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259) oldu\u011fu kimi yen\u0259 \u00f6n plana g\u00fccl\u00fc bir \u0259mir (Mamay Mirz\u0259) \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015f, Tukay Timur s\u00fclal\u0259sinin t\u0259sad\u00fcfi t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259rini taxta oturdaraq onlar\u0131n \u0259li il\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti idar\u0259 etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

1362-ci ild\u0259n Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259razisinin Volqa \u00e7ay\u0131 s\u0259rh\u0259d olmaqla iki d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n c\u0259bh\u0259y\u0259 ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259kzibolunmaz faktd\u0131r v\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259sdiqini tap\u0131r. \u0130mperiya \u0259razisind\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n bel\u0259 bir m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. Volqa, Don v\u0259 Dnepr aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259r, \u015eimali Qafqaz v\u0259 Kr\u0131m, t\u00fcm\u0259n b\u0259yl\u0259rind\u0259n Mamay\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb. Paytaxt Saray \u0259l-C\u0259did v\u0259 ona biti\u015fik b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 bununla he\u00e7 c\u00fcr bar\u0131\u015fm\u0131r. 1363, 1368 v\u0259 1372-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Mamay paytaxt\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irs\u0259 d\u0259 saxlaya bilmir v\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131durma daha da d\u0259rinl\u0259\u015fir, uzum\u00fcdd\u0259tli ikitir\u0259lik \u00f6lk\u0259ni z\u0259ifl\u0259dir,\u00a0 m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259nqa\u00e7ma meyll\u0259ri g\u00fccl\u0259nir. 1361-ci ild\u0259 f\u00fcrs\u0259td\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n Xar\u0259zm \u00e7oxdank\u0131 arzusunu realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r- m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini elan edir v\u0259 Orda hakimiyy\u0259tini tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. Beyn\u0259lxalq karvan yollar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Xar\u0259zmin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin iqtisadi q\u00fcdr\u0259tin\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r z\u0259rb\u0259 vurur, Saray xanlar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 dayan\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 Mamay\u0131n h\u00fccumlar\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc z\u0259ifl\u0259dir. Q\u0259rb s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 pozuculuq meyll\u0259ri yenid\u0259n ba\u015f qald\u0131r\u0131r. H\u0259l\u0259 1300-c\u00fc ild\u0259 macar krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Noqay\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub ed\u0259r\u0259k Dunay \u0259traf\u0131ndak\u0131 d\u00fcz\u0259ngahlarda\u00a0 Vala\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259ti yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 60-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 separat\u00e7\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r yaranm\u0131\u015f v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259n daha yax\u015f\u0131 yararlan\u0131rlar. \u015eimali Karpatda yenic\u0259 formala\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flayan Moldav knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 qar\u0131\u015f\u0131ql\u0131qdan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k Prut v\u0259 Dnestr \u00e7aylar\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 torpaqlara sahib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. 1363-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Litva knyaz\u0131 Olgerd meydan d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259 Orda qo\u015funlar\u0131na q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 \u00e7alaraq, Podolya v\u0259 Dneprin sa\u011f sahili boyunca y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r. Eyni vaxtda Volqa Bulqar hakiml\u0259rind\u0259n Bulat-Timur, sonra is\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n \u00fcsyan bayra\u011f\u0131 qald\u0131r\u0131r. Mamay\u0131n Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordaya vurdu\u011fu \u0259n a\u011f\u0131r z\u0259rb\u0259 is\u0259 ruslarla m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259t\u0259 u\u011framas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130mperiyan\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f par\u00e7alanma v\u0259 \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u00fcrs\u0259t bil\u0259n Moskva b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz\u0131 Dmitri \u0130vanovi\u00e7 (Donskoy) 1374-c\u00fc ild\u0259 x\u0259rac verm\u0259kd\u0259n imtina edir, rus-pravoslav kils\u0259sinin, \u015f\u0259xs\u0259n n\u00fcfuzlu mitropolit Serqiy Rodonejskinin xeyir-duas\u0131n\u0131 alaraq 16 udel knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z \u0259traf\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015fdirir, Litva il\u0259 d\u0259 ittifaqa girib \u00f6l\u00fcm-dirim sava\u015f\u0131na qalx\u0131r. 1377-1378-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 apar\u0131lan m\u00f6vqe d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck \u0259ld\u0259n-\u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7s\u0259 d\u0259, 1380-ci il sentyabr\u0131n 8-d\u0259 Kulikovo \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n h\u0259lledici d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f rus qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u015fa \u00e7at\u0131r. Rus \u0259dib v\u0259 salnam\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri \u0259srl\u0259r boyu bu q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259nin milli v\u0259 dini \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini t\u0259r\u0259nn\u00fcm edir, Orda boyunduru\u011fundan qurtulu\u015fun \u0259ld\u0259 olunmas\u0131nda birlik v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fck amilinin \u00f6n\u0259mini geni\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 yay\u0131rlar. \u201cMamay\u0131n \u0259zi\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259n b\u0259hs ed\u0259n hekay\u0259t\u201dd\u0259, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u201cZadon\u015fina\u201dda Dmitri \u0130vanovi\u00e7in ideal knyaz obraz\u0131 milli xilaskar s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 qald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u201cZadon\u015fina\u201dda 70 min \u201czireh geymi\u015f c\u0259sur litval\u0131n\u0131n\u201d da ruslarla birg\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fc qeyd edilir. \u018fs\u0259rin b\u0259dii d\u0259y\u0259rini art\u0131ran x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 Mamay ordular\u0131n\u0131n ruslara qar\u015f\u0131 q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sinin vur\u011fulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259lum olur ki, \u201cAllahs\u0131z Mamay (bel\u0259 ifad\u0259l\u0259r Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordaya patoloji nifr\u0259ti h\u0259r f\u00fcrs\u0259td\u0259 k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u0259y\u0259n rus salnam\u0259 v\u0259 tarixnam\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn xarakterikdir-N.M.) 250 min n\u0259f\u0259ri q\u0131l\u0131ncdan ke\u00e7irdi\u201d. \u201cZadon\u015fina\u201dda \u201cV\u0259t\u0259n v\u0259 din yolunda\u201d canlar\u0131ndan ke\u00e7mi\u015f rus boyarlar\u0131 bel\u0259 xat\u0131rlan\u0131r: \u201cB\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz Dmitri \u0130vanovi\u00e7 dedi: \u201cQarda\u015flar\u0131m, bir say\u0131n g\u00f6r\u0259k n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r s\u0259rk\u0259rd\u0259miz, n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r cavanlar\u0131m\u0131z yoxdur?\u201d Moskva boyarlar\u0131ndan Mixaylo Aleksandrovi\u00e7 ona bel\u0259 cavab verdi: \u201cA\u011fam\u0131z b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz Dmitri \u0130vanovi\u00e7! Bizim 40 n\u0259f\u0259r b\u00f6y\u00fck Moskva boyar\u0131m\u0131z, 12 Belozersk knyaz\u0131m\u0131z, 30 n\u0259f\u0259r Novqorod cani\u015fini, 20 n\u0259f\u0259r Kolomensk boyar\u0131, 40 Serpuxov boyar\u0131, 30 litvan\u0131 pan, 20 n\u0259f\u0259r Pereslavsk boyar\u0131, 25 Kostroma boyar\u0131, 35 n\u0259f\u0259r Vladimir boyar\u0131, 8 n\u0259f\u0259r Suzdal boyar\u0131, 40 Muromsk boyar\u0131, 70 Ryazan boyar\u0131, 34 n\u0259f\u0259r Rostov boyar\u0131, 23 n\u0259f\u0259r Dmitrovsk boyar\u0131, 60 n\u0259f\u0259r Mojaysk boyar\u0131, 30 n\u0259f\u0259r Zveneqorodsk boyar\u0131, 15 n\u0259f\u0259r Uqletsk boyar\u0131 art\u0131q s\u0131ralar\u0131m\u0131zda yoxdur\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bununla bel\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n m\u0259\u011flubedilm\u0259zliyi haqq\u0131nda mif art\u0131q pu\u00e7 olub, ruslar is\u0259 t\u00fcrk-tatar ordusuna qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259yin, h\u0259tta ona qalib g\u0259lm\u0259yin m\u00fcmk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 inanma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131rlar. Kulikovo m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259ti imperiyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 yaradan amill\u0259ri b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131lpaql\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r, birl\u0259\u015fdirici t\u0259may\u00fcll\u0259ri m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti d\u0259 olsa, g\u00fccl\u0259ndirir. El\u0259 h\u0259min il G\u00f6y Ordan\u0131n v\u0259 Saray \u0259yanlar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 il\u0259 xan taxt\u0131na \u00e7\u0131xan Toxtam\u0131\u015f (m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 onun hakimiyy\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn 1376-1391, 1379-1397, 1380-1395\/96-c\u0131 ill\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 etdiyi bildirilir) ruslardan qorxunc qisas alma\u011fa and i\u00e7ir. \u018fmir Teymurdan da d\u0259st\u0259k alan Toxtam\u0131\u015f xan \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 Mamay\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 yeriy\u0259r\u0259k, onu aradan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr, qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131 p\u0259r\u0259n-p\u0259r\u0259n sal\u0131r, uluslar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tin sars\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir daha n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirir. 1382-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015f n\u00fcfuzunu y\u00fcks\u0259ltm\u0259k, ruslar\u0131n \u201ca\u011fl\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131\u011fmaq\u201d m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 Moskvaya y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f edir. \u015e\u0259h\u0259ri yand\u0131r\u0131b k\u00fcl\u0259 d\u00f6nd\u0259rir, \u0259halinin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 q\u0131l\u0131ncdan ke\u00e7irir, bununla da kifay\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k, Ordaya \u00e7atas\u0131 x\u0259rac\u0131 tam h\u0259cmd\u0259 geri al\u0131r, Dmitri Donskoya bi\u0259t etdirir, \u00fcst\u0259lik onun o\u011flu Vasilini d\u0259 girov g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr (Vasili \u0259sirlikd\u0259n 7 il sonra, 1389-cu ild\u0259 qay\u0131tm\u0131\u015fd\u0131). Moskvan\u0131 diz \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcr\u0259n Toxtam\u0131\u015f h\u0259m d\u0259 imperiya s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rinin b\u0259rpas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00f6y\u00fck i\u015fl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bel\u0259 bir fikir var ki, \u0259g\u0259r \u018fmir Teymurla m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri pozub, onunla \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 girm\u0259s\u0259ydi, Toxtam\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda itirilmi\u015f \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259lki h\u0259rbi-siyasi \u0259z\u0259m\u0259tin\u0259 qovu\u015fa bil\u0259rdi. Lakin tarix, m\u0259lum oldu\u011fu kimi, felin \u015f\u0259rt \u015f\u0259klini q\u0259bul etmir. 1388-1389, 1391 v\u0259 1395-1398-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Teymur Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 amans\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b, onun \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fcnd\u0259n sars\u0131d\u0131r. On ild\u0259n d\u0259 art\u0131q bir m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 davam ed\u0259n bu h\u00fccumlar zaman\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259 tar-mar olur, Teymurun qo\u015funlar\u0131 Saray \u0259l-C\u0259didi, Belcameni, Ukeki, H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan\u0131, daha bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri viran qoyur, minl\u0259rl\u0259 insan\u0131 \u0259sir apar\u0131rlar. K\u00fctl\u0259vi q\u0259tl v\u0259 q\u0131r\u011f\u0131nlar ara vermir, G\u00f6y Orda, Volqaboyu, \u015eimali Qafqaz, Kr\u0131m \u0259razil\u0259ri talan v\u0259 qar\u0259t edil\u0259r\u0259k var-yoxdan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Amans\u0131z m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259n sonra ba\u015flayan acl\u0131q, taun epidemiyas\u0131, geni\u015f xalq k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rinin \u00f6lk\u0259ni t\u0259rk etm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl\u0259 u\u011fray\u0131r v\u0259 bir daha \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259 bilmir. Cuci o\u011flu Tukay Timurun s\u00fclal\u0259sinin \u0259n q\u00fcdr\u0259tli t\u0259msil\u00e7isi say\u0131lan Toxtam\u0131\u015f xan is\u0259 Terek \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 h\u0259lak olur v\u0259 tarix\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n son b\u00f6y\u00fck xan\u0131 kimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Teymuril\u0259rin Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordaya vurdu\u011fu daha bir a\u011f\u0131r z\u0259rb\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq ticar\u0259t yollar\u0131n\u0131n istiqam\u0259tini c\u0259nuba – Orta Asiya v\u0259 \u0130rana t\u0259r\u0259f d\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259l\u0259ri olur. XV \u0259srin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Balkanlarda m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259n\u0259n Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131 is\u0259 Venesiya v\u0259 Genuya tacirl\u0259rinin Qara d\u0259niz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131raraq, Ordan\u0131 d\u0259niz ticar\u0259tind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259td\u0259n d\u0259 m\u0259hrum edir. Sanki geosiyasi prosesl\u0259r d\u0259 Cuci v\u0259 Bat\u0131 imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259leyhin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Teymur qo\u015funlar\u0131 Orda \u0259razisini t\u0259rk ed\u0259nd\u0259n sonra \u201ctaxt eli\u201d Sarayda bir-birini \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259y\u0259n xanlar aras\u0131nda \u015fidd\u0259tli hakimiyy\u0259t qov\u011falar\u0131 yenid\u0259n alovlan\u0131r v\u0259 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t s\u0259ngim\u0259k bilmir. M\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259t ucqarlar\u0131 \u00f6z irad\u0259sin\u0259 tabe etm\u0259kd\u0259 acizlik g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Bel\u0259 bir \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 \u00c7ingiz soyundan olmasa da, Cuci s\u00fclal\u0259si t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edil\u0259n Yedigey (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u0130degey) Toxtam\u0131\u015f\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 il\u0259 amans\u0131z m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259n qalib \u00e7\u0131xaraq (1399), \u00f6lk\u0259nin b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc qoruma\u011fa c\u0259hd edir. Onun xan olmamas\u0131na r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131 15 il (1396-1411) h\u00f6km\u00fc alt\u0131nda saxlaya bilm\u0259si x\u00fcsusi qeyd edilm\u0259lidir. Yedigey siyasi v\u0259 iqtisadi islahatlar aparmaqla \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki g\u0259rginliyi azaltma\u011fa s\u0259y g\u00f6st\u0259rir, q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn u\u011fur da qazan\u0131r, h\u0259tta Litva b\u00f6y\u00fck knyaz\u0131 Vivoltun ordusunu m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259t\u0259 u\u011frad\u0131r (1399), Mav\u0259ra\u00fcnn\u0259hr \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259f\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r (1405), Moskvan\u0131 m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 almaqla (1408) Orda xofunu yenid\u0259n yayma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Lakin bunlar, olsa-olsa, zahiri i\u015fart\u0131lard\u0131r: da\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fctunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, sosial dayaqlar\u0131 laxlam\u0131\u015f, f\u0259aliyy\u0259t mexanizml\u0259ri pozulmu\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259ti b\u0259rpa etm\u0259k art\u0131q m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildir. 1419-cu ild\u0259 (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 1420-ci ild\u0259) Toxtam\u0131\u015f\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 il\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 Yedigeyin h\u0259lak olmas\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n da sonunu g\u0259tirir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m imperiyalar\u0131ndan birinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 art\u0131q qa\u00e7\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Xanlar, sultanlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7atlar n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259rinl\u0259\u015firs\u0259, hakim xan\u0259dan\u0131n n\u00fcfuzu bir o q\u0259d\u0259r sars\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 yox d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sin\u0259 enir. Oxucunu izafi y\u00fckl\u0259m\u0259m\u0259k namin\u0259 bundan sonra ba\u015f ver\u0259n prosesl\u0259rin \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259n ke\u00e7m\u0259yi m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t bilirik. \u00c7\u00fcnki n\u0259tic\u0259 ayd\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n geni\u015f \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 siyasi hakimiyy\u0259tin v\u0259hd\u0259ti pozulur v\u0259 Noqay Ordas\u0131 (1398, b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 1440), Sibir (T\u00fcmen) xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1420), Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1428), Kazan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1438), Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1552), H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan (Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan) xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1459) kimi bir ne\u00e7\u0259 ki\u00e7ik d\u00f6vl\u0259tin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcnbit z\u0259min yaran\u0131r. Eyni zamanda, Volqaboyunda Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n son \u201cz\u0259rr\u0259\u201dsi (h\u0259m d\u0259 tarixinin son m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259si) hesab olunan B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda (o biri varisl\u0259r d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nd\u0131qda bu d\u00f6vl\u0259ti \u201cBa\u015f Orda\u201d hesab etm\u0259k olar) 1502-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu qoruyur ki, bu da m\u00fch\u00fcm faktd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda irsi v\u0259 varisl\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarix\u00e7il\u0259rin i\u015fin\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fmaq ist\u0259m\u0259zdik, amma burada bir inc\u0259 n\u00fcans\u0131 vur\u011fulamasaq da, olmaz. M\u00fcasir tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n miras\u0131na iddia ed\u0259n siyasi vahidl\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si bu g\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 h\u0259llini tapmay\u0131b. Ordan\u0131n tarixi irsi \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 etnik v\u0259 siyasi varisl\u0259rin m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259r\u0259k mal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259n \u00fcz\u00fc bu yana bu z\u0259ngin miras\u0131n \u201cb\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si\u201d daha \u00e7ox \u201cmaraqlar m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259si\u201d z\u0259minind\u0259 interpretasiya edilib. Ziddiyy\u0259t v\u0259 \u0259kslikl\u0259r h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259llini tapmay\u0131b. T\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n (el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 dig\u0259r siyasi t\u0259sisatlar\u0131n) yaranma vaxt\u0131 v\u0259 yeri, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri, bir \u00e7ox m\u00fch\u00fcm hadis\u0259l\u0259rin inki\u015faf m\u0259ntiqi v\u0259 s. haqda m\u0259lumat v\u0259 r\u0259yl\u0259r m\u0259hz bu c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n xeyli dola\u015f\u0131qd\u0131r. V\u0259ziyy\u0259tin dola\u015f\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaq, bu bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr yaratmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc, z\u0259nnimzc\u0259, o fakt da yet\u0259r ki, \u0130lya Zaytsevin \u201cH\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d monoqrafiyas\u0131nda t\u0259kc\u0259 bu xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaranma tarixi kimi\u00a0 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n 1466-c\u0131 (M.S\u0259f\u0259rqaliyev, R.R. Arat), 1459-1460-c\u0131 (Verein, Vorobyov, Semyonov v\u0259 b.), 1450-1464-c\u00fc ill\u0259rin (L.Podqorodetski), habel\u0259 gah \u00fcmumi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 XIV, gah da XV \u0259srl\u0259rin g\u00f6st\u0259rildiyi, lakin bunlar\u0131n he\u00e7 birinin d\u0259qiq olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 arqumentl\u0259rl\u0259 s\u00fcbuta yetirilir. Ziddiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin s\u0259b\u0259bi kimi \u00e7ox zaman orta \u0259sr m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rinin sayca m\u0259hdudlu\u011fu \u0259sas g\u0259tirilir, amma hadis\u0259l\u0259rin rekonstruksiyas\u0131 zaman\u0131 subyektiv yana\u015fmalar\u0131n da geni\u015f yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131n g\u00f6rs\u0259nir. Bu m\u0259nada tatar tarix\u00e7isi \u0130lnur Mirqaleyevl\u0259 raz\u0131la\u015fmamaq olmur: \u201cT\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cyaranmas\u0131\u201d il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar m\u00fcxt\u0259lif tarixl\u0259r g\u0259tirirl\u0259r, amma bunlar\u0131 \u201cba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c n\u00f6qt\u0259si\u201d kimi yaln\u0131z \u015f\u0259rti olaraq q\u0259bul etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. H\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259 qalanda bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0259z\u0259m\u0259tli bir imperiyan\u0131n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 yurda-vilay\u0259t\u0259 par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 prosesi getmi\u015fdir v\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n tarixini Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n \u00fcmumi tarixinin konkret b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki davam\u0131 kimi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irm\u0259k daha d\u00fczg\u00fcnd\u00fcr. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif vilay\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 sikk\u0259 basd\u0131ran, \u00f6zl\u0259rini xan elan ed\u0259n v\u0259 Saray\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259tini tan\u0131mayan bu emitentl\u0259r he\u00e7 d\u0259 yeni d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r qurma\u011f\u0131 planla\u015fd\u0131rmam\u0131\u015f, yaln\u0131z A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Volqada yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Saray \u0259l-C\u0259didi \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259, dig\u0259r iddia\u00e7\u0131lar – cucil\u0259r n\u0259slinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u015fax\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 qohumlar\u0131n\u0131, b\u0259z\u0259n h\u0259tta do\u011fma qarda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ita\u0259t etdirm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar. \u00d6z aralar\u0131nda m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r aparan, s\u00fclh ba\u011flayan, daxili v\u0259 xarici d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ittifaqlar quran bu xanlar yaln\u0131z \u201cTaxt eli\u201dn\u0259 sahib olmaq, bununla da Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda miras\u0131na iddia v\u0259 h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 legitiml\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k, r\u0259smil\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k v\u0259 qalan r\u0259qibl\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck qazanmaq m\u0259qs\u0259di g\u00fcd\u00fcbl\u0259r… Tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 Cuci ulusunun – Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n birba\u015fa davam\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yeni siyasi m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259r – Kazan, Kr\u0131m, Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan, Sibird\u0259 T\u00fcmen v\u0259 b. yaran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259n bir qay\u0259 – Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda \u0259razil\u0259rini yenid\u0259n birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k qay\u0259si u\u011frunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131b\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u018flb\u0259tt\u0259, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordadan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn xanl\u0131qlar bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 onun varisl\u0259ri idil\u0259r. Lakin burada s\u00f6hb\u0259t siyasi v\u0259r\u0259s\u0259liyin r\u0259smil\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259n, Ordan\u0131n hakim davam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k ist\u0259yind\u0259n, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 ba\u015fqa xanl\u0131qlara iddia etm\u0259k, bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq h\u00fcquqlar\u0131ndan gedir. Tarix\u00e7il\u0259rin fikrinc\u0259, bu status \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 t\u0259bii olaraq, B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordada olmu\u015fdur. Hakimiyy\u0259t dair\u0259sinin m\u0259hdudla\u015fmas\u0131na, \u0259razil\u0259rinin m\u00fch\u00fcm hiss\u0259sinin itirilm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq (\u0259lind\u0259 paytaxt Saray, bir d\u0259 Volqa v\u0259 Dnepr \u00e7aylar\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 torpaqlar qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131), B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda\u00a0 el\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc (b\u0259d\u0259b\u0259dd\u0259 yeni format\u0131) kimi q\u0259bul olunur, onun \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259yicisi, \u0259n az\u0131, tamh\u00fcquqlu varisi say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Seyid \u018fhm\u0259d (tarix kitablar\u0131nda B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordan\u0131n son xanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Seyid \u018fhm\u0259d, \u018fhm\u0259d v\u0259 \u015eeyx \u018fhm\u0259d ad\u0131 il\u0259 4 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u015f\u0259xsd\u0259n dan\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 bunlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 1433-1455-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 olmu\u015f \u201cata\u201d Seyid \u018fhm\u0259din o\u011ful-u\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r) \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn tatarlar\u0131n xan\u0131 bilir, qalan uluslara v\u0259 Moskva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi s\u0259firl\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 onlardan s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ita\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi. O, qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda d\u00f6vl\u0259tini ilkin s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 b\u0259rpa etm\u0259k, yenid\u0259n beyn\u0259lxalq siyas\u0259tin aktiv subyektin\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di qoymu\u015fdu, Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda xan\u0131 kimi tan\u0131nmaq ist\u0259yir (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 el\u0259 bu c\u00fcr d\u0259 t\u0259qdim edilir) v\u0259 bu yolda r\u0259qibl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 f\u0259al x\u0259tt-h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t yeridirdi. XV \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda Seyid \u018fhm\u0259din Kazan, Kr\u0131m, Noqay yurdlar\u0131na, habel\u0259\u00a0 Moskva \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00fccumlar\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rin d\u0259 f\u0259alla\u015fmas\u0131na v\u0259 onun \u0259leyhin\u0259 \u015f\u0259rti olaraq Kr\u0131m-Moskva v\u0259 Noqay-Sibir koalisiyalar\u0131 adland\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259c\u0259k ittifaqlar\u0131n yaranmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Jan Pol Runun m\u0259lumatlar\u0131na etibar ets\u0259k, \u201c1474 v\u0259 1476-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u018fhm\u0259d xan (bu, art\u0131q ba\u015fqa \u018fhm\u0259ddir-N.M.) vergil\u0259ri \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn B\u00f6y\u00fck \u0130vana, y\u0259ni III \u0130vana (1462-1505) q\u0259z\u0259bl\u0259n\u0259r\u0259k m\u00fctt\u0259fiqi olan Pol\u015fa kral\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Moskva \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di, Uqra \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u0130van\u0131n ordusu il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131, lakin q\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan geri d\u00f6nm\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131na g\u0259ldi. V\u0259 bu, onun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl q\u0259rar oldu. Art\u0131q o, ulusunun komandan\u0131 deyildir. Bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra is\u0259 sibirli \u015eeyban t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. 20 il sonra Kr\u0131m xan\u0131 M\u0259ng\u00fc Girey (1446-1514) Saraya h\u00fccum edir, \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri yand\u0131r\u0131r, bu d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 son verir v\u0259 ondan qalan h\u0259r \u015feyi tarixd\u0259n silir\u201d. Lakin m\u0259lumdur ki, M\u0259ng\u00fc (t\u00fcrk m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u201cM\u0259ngli\u201d) Gireyin Seyid \u018fhm\u0259d xan\u0131n t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1502-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u201cTaxt eli\u201d bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t d\u0259 H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan (Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan) xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259zar\u0259tind\u0259 olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\u018fslind\u0259 Saray \u0259l-C\u0259did Teymurun 1395-ci il y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fc zaman\u0131 yerl\u0259 yeksan edilmi\u015fdi v\u0259 dem\u0259k olar ki, art\u0131q yaln\u0131z nominal \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 m\u00f6vcud idi. \u201cTaxt eli\u201dnd\u0259n quru ad v\u0259 r\u0259smi (tarixi) status qal\u0131rd\u0131. Seyid \u018fhm\u0259d v\u0259 varisl\u0259rinin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259yl\u0259rin\u0259 baxmayaraq, \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri yenid\u0259n k\u00fctl\u0259vi ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259sk\u0259nin\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Art\u0131q 1440-c\u0131 ild\u0259n burada ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yox idi. 1481-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordan\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. R\u0259sm\u0259n Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zi say\u0131lan bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259r d\u0259 yeni idi; Teymur qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131td\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 q\u0259dim Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan\u0131n yerind\u0259 Timur Kutlu\u011f t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. M\u0259lum oldu\u011fu kimi, Teymur, Cuci ulusunun torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259rk ed\u0259nd\u0259n sonra bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259traf\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259razil\u0259r Timur Kutlu\u011fun ixtiyar\u0131na, ondan sonra is\u0259 irs\u0259n\u00a0 \u00f6vladlar\u0131na ke\u00e7mi\u015fdi. B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda yarananda H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan onun t\u0259rkib hiss\u0259si kimi Timur Kutlu\u011fun n\u0259v\u0259si Ki\u00e7ik M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d xan\u0131n yurduna daxil idi. \u0130.V.Zaytsev Ki\u00e7ik M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259din \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n (1459) sonra onun o\u011flanlar\u0131 Mahmud v\u0259 Seyid \u018fhm\u0259din\u00a0 \u201chans\u0131sa bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259\u201d B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z aralar\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcrd\u00fckl\u0259rini yaz\u0131r v\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Volqan\u0131n Mahmudun pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc ehtimal edir. Lakin 1465-ci ild\u0259 Mahmud \u201crus eli \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u0259 ged\u0259rk\u0259n\u201d onun qo\u015funlar\u0131 Don \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 Kr\u0131m xan\u0131 Hac\u0131 Girey t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n darmada\u011f\u0131n edilir. Alimin s\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, Mahmudun u\u011fursuzlu\u011fu \u018fhm\u0259din t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc \u0259l\u0259 almas\u0131na v\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordada hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan yarad\u0131b\u201d. Taxt\u0131n\u0131 qarda\u015f\u0131na t\u0259hvil ver\u0259n Mahmud \u00f6z\u00fc H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxana \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015f, o vaxtdan burada sakit h\u0259yat s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc (M.Q. Safarqaliyev is\u0259 onun yeni bir siyasi birliyin – H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoydu\u011funu iddia edir). H\u0259r halda bir \u00e7ox m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259sdiql\u0259diyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordan\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxana k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259rk\u0259n burada m\u0259hz Mahmud iqam\u0259t edirdi.\u00a0 Lakin bu da \u00e7ox s\u00fcrm\u0259mi\u015fdi. Seyid \u018fhm\u0259d xan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra Mahmudun o\u011flanlar\u0131 (H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan hakiml\u0259ri) B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda taxt\u0131na iddia qald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, iki qarda\u015f\u0131n varisl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda qanl\u0131 toqqu\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 onsuz da son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259mi\u015f bu d\u00f6vl\u0259t tamamil\u0259 g\u00fccd\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. N\u0259tic\u0259si m\u0259lumdur: v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n M\u0259ng\u00fc Girey xan 1502-ci ilin may\u0131nda B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordaya son z\u0259rb\u0259ni endirmi\u015f, olan-qalan ordusunu m\u0259hv etmi\u015f, x\u0259zin\u0259sini d\u0259 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7ir\u0259r\u0259k, \u201cTaxt eli\u201dni Hac\u0131t\u0259rxandan Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259q olmu\u015fdu. \u0130.Zaytsevin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, \u201c1502-ci ild\u0259n tez olmamaq \u015f\u0259rti il\u0259 Hac\u0131tarxan, Kr\u0131m xan\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n y\u0131x\u0131lan \u201cTaxt eli\u201dnin siyasi varisin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi\u00a0 v\u0259 bel\u0259 dem\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ki, Hac\u0131tarxan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n yerini ald\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u0259ng\u00fc Girey is\u0259 \u00f6z xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cUlu\u011f Orda\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131 canland\u0131rmaq, yenid\u0259n qurmaq ist\u0259yi il\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259 \u0259razi-inzibati b\u00f6lg\u00fc prinsipini geri qaytarma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Bu \u201ct\u0259snifat\u201da \u0259sas\u0259n, dig\u0259r tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fc deyil, M\u0259ng\u00fc Gireyin \u0259vv\u0259l \u201c\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcb\u201d, sonra is\u0259 \u201cdiriltm\u0259k\u201d ist\u0259diyi Ulu\u011f Ordan\u0131n \u201cvilay\u0259t\u201dl\u0259ri say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131: Vilay\u0259ti-Kazan, Vilay\u0259ti-T\u00fcm\u0259n (\u0130.Mirqaleyevin terminologiyas\u0131nda\u00a0 \u201cTuran vilay\u0259ti\u201d), Vilay\u0259ti-Tura (Q\u0259rbi Sibird\u0259ki \u00c7imgi-Tura) v\u0259 s. \u00d6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u201ctaxt eli\u201dnin sahibi-ixtiyar\u0131 hesab ed\u0259n M\u0259ng\u00fc xan hakim xan\u0259dan\u0131 olmayan, yaxud ba\u015fqa vilay\u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259siri (n\u0259zar\u0259ti) alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n siyasi vahidl\u0259ri sad\u0259c\u0259 \u201cyurd\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131: Manq\u0131t yurdu (Noqay Ordas\u0131), Hac\u0131t\u0259rxan yurdu (H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131), Me\u015fer yurdu (Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) v\u0259 s. Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n h\u00fcquq v\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini m\u0259nims\u0259diyini h\u0259r c\u0259hdl\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7arpd\u0131ran Kr\u0131m xan\u0131n\u0131n ana m\u0259qs\u0259di, qeyd olundu\u011fu kimi, imperiya \u0259razil\u0259rini \u00f6z hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u201cvilay\u0259t\u201d v\u0259 \u201cyurd\u201dlar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 bi\u0259t el\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 nail olmaq idi. Lakin \u00e7ox ke\u00e7m\u0259d\u0259n Kr\u0131m xan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, bu v\u0259 ba\u015fqa s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n m\u0259qs\u0259dini ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bilm\u0259mi\u015fdi. Deyil\u0259nl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alaraq, biz h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u0259tnimizi a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fd\u0131rmayaq dey\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda varisl\u0259rinin t\u0259sbit olunmas\u0131nda \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi b\u00f6lg\u00fcn\u00fc (Kazan, Kr\u0131m, H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan, Qas\u0131m, Sibir xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 Noqay Ordas\u0131) \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verm\u0259yin t\u0259r\u0259fdar\u0131y\u0131q.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n varisl\u0259ri: m\u00fcst\u0259qil tatar d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin yaranmas\u0131<\/p>\n

(QEYD: H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131na dair m\u0259lumat yuxar\u0131da verilmi\u015fdir).<\/p>\n

a\/ Noqay Ordas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n par\u00e7alanma xronologiyas\u0131n\u0131 izl\u0259m\u0259k, qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, he\u00e7 d\u0259 asan deyil. Buna r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259tin s\u00fcqutu prosesind\u0259 ayr\u0131lanlar\u0131n\u00a0 ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n nisb\u0259td\u0259 t\u0259sbit edilib v\u0259 Noqay Ordas\u0131n\u0131n birincil\u0259rd\u0259n olmas\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. Ad\u0131n\u0131 \u018fmir Noqaydan almas\u0131 fikri n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r geni\u015f yay\u0131lsa da (m\u00fcvafiq o\u00e7erkd\u0259 bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 qay\u0131daca\u011f\u0131q), Noqay Ordas\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Yedigey say\u0131l\u0131r. Noqay ulusu h\u0259l\u0259 q\u0259dim zamanlardan \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 q\u0259bil\u0259 v\u0259 tayfalar\u0131n birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u201cD\u0259\u015fti-q\u0131p\u00e7aqda t\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 il\u0259 qar\u0131\u015f\u0131b islamla\u015fan monqol q\u0259bil\u0259si\u201d kimi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndiril\u0259n manq\u0131t boyu bu birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259nin hakim \u00fcns\u00fcr\u00fc, Yedigeyin atas\u0131 Kutlu K\u0131ya b\u0259y is\u0259 manq\u0131tlar\u0131n hakimi idi. H\u0259l\u0259 1392-ci ild\u0259n manq\u0131tlar\u0131n ulub\u0259yi (\u201culu\u011fbiy\u201d) se\u00e7il\u0259n Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda t\u00fcm\u0259nb\u0259yi Yedigey 1398-ci ild\u0259 Timur Kutlu\u011fun taxta g\u0259tirilm\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259sna rol oynam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 onun t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ba\u015f \u0259mir t\u0259yin edilmi\u015fdi. Qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, Yedigey faktiki olaraq imperiyan\u0131n m\u00fctl\u0259q hakimi idi v\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada ged\u0259n m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259nqa\u00e7ma prosesl\u0259rinin gerid\u00f6nm\u0259zliyi ona daha yax\u015f\u0131 b\u0259lli idi. Ordan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi s\u0259yl\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259 Yedigeyin ad\u0131 v\u0259 n\u00fcfuzu, \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 yoxdur ki, ayr\u0131lma prosesl\u0259rinin gedi\u015find\u0259 noqay uruqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00f6vqeyini g\u00fccl\u0259ndir\u0259n amill\u0259rd\u0259n olmu\u015fdur. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra da Noqay uruqlar\u0131nda idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi manq\u0131tlar\u0131n ulub\u0259yl\u0259ri sif\u0259ti il\u0259 onun n\u0259slind\u0259n olan mirz\u0259l\u0259rin (\u0259mirzad\u0259l\u0259rin) h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irdiyi d\u0259qiq b\u0259llidir. Bununla bel\u0259 Vadim Trepavlovun vur\u011fulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi\u00a0 b\u0259zi tayfa birlikl\u0259ri konfederasiya \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 manq\u0131tlar\u0131n raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda \u00f6z b\u0259yl\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olunub. \u018fhalisinin \u0259ks\u0259r qisminin k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi ke\u00e7irdiyi n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131narsa, boylar\u0131n, tayfalar\u0131n, birlikl\u0259rin nisbi azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 bu ehtimal, fikrimizc\u0259, daha m\u0259ntiqli say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi h\u0259l\u0259 \u0259mir Noqay d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259n m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 m\u0259nsub klassik uluslardan biri olmaqdan daha \u00e7ox azad boylar\u0131n birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si kimi ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, par\u00e7alanma prosesl\u0259rind\u0259 muxtar m\u00f6vqeyini qorumu\u015f, vahid d\u00f6vl\u0259tin s\u00fcquta u\u011framas\u0131 m\u0259cras\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259qillik qazanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n Volqadan \u0130rt\u0131\u015fa, X\u0259z\u0259r v\u0259 Aral d\u0259nizl\u0259rind\u0259n C\u0259nubi Urala q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7\u00f6l \u0259razil\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 etmi\u015f Noqay Ordas\u0131 XIV \u0259srin sonlar\u0131-XV \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Yedigeyo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi alt\u0131nda yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Jan Pol Ru par\u00e7alanma \u0259r\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 Noqay Ordas\u0131n\u0131n \u201c300 min s\u00fcvarid\u0259n ibar\u0259t d\u00fcnyan\u0131 istila ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k bir ordu toplamaq g\u00fcc\u00fcnd\u0259 oldu\u011funu\u201d qeyd edir. M\u0259hz el\u0259 bu h\u0259rbi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259dir ki, Noqay Ordas\u0131 Cuci soyundan g\u0259l\u0259n xanlar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259sir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc he\u00e7 zaman itirm\u0259mi\u015f, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n dig\u0259r t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259traf\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259n bir \u00e7ox tarixi prosesl\u0259rd\u0259 f\u0259al rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r…<\/p>\n

b\/ Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarix\u015f\u00fcnaslar Kr\u0131m v\u0259 Kazan xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131l\u0131b m\u00fcst\u0259qill\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini, habel\u0259 Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda xanlar\u0131ndan Ulu\u011f M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dl\u0259 Ki\u00e7ik M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259din varisl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259n taxt m\u00fcbariz\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 izah edir, bu hadis\u0259l\u0259r fonunda n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irirl\u0259r. C\u0259lal\u0259ddin bin Toxtam\u0131\u015f\u0131n o\u011flu Ulu\u011f M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d 1419-1424-c\u00fc v\u0259 1427-1436-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda xan\u0131 olmu\u015f, lakin taxt\u0131n\u0131 Ki\u00e7ik M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d\u0259 buraxma\u011fa m\u0259cbur olub Kr\u0131ma, daha sonra is\u0259 \u201c\u0259ski Volqa v\u0259 Kama Bulqar krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na, y\u0259ni t\u00fcrkdilli tatar, \u00e7uva\u015f, ba\u015fq\u0131rd v\u0259 fin-uy\u011furlar\u0131n, \u00e7eremisl\u0259rin, mordvinl\u0259rin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 torpaqlara\u201d (Jan Pol Ru) getmi\u015f, bu \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259min g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n konturlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir. 1428-1433-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259tta 1441-ci il d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rilir) meydana \u00e7\u0131xan Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6l \u0259razil\u0259rini, az sonra is\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn yar\u0131madan\u0131 v\u0259 Qara d\u0259nizin \u015fimal hiss\u0259l\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 edirdi. Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik qazanmas\u0131 B\u00f6y\u00fck Ordan\u0131 d\u0259niz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015fdan m\u0259hrum edir, iqtisadi s\u0259rv\u0259tinin \u0259sas m\u0259nb\u0259yi olan beyn\u0259lxalq ticar\u0259t \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sind\u0259n qopar\u0131rd\u0131. Hac\u0131 Girey xan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Qara d\u0259nizd\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n xarici ticar\u0259t qurumlar\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 italyanlar (genuyal\u0131lar) il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259zar\u0259tin\u0259 ke\u00e7ir v\u0259 daha da m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nir. Lakin onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra, J.P. Runun da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda taxt m\u00fcbariz\u0259si ba\u015flay\u0131r v\u0259 bu \u00f6l\u00fcm-dirim m\u00fcbariz\u0259si \u0259snas\u0131nda yerli q\u0259bil\u0259 ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n xahi\u015fi il\u0259 yar\u0131madaya g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131 1475-ci ild\u0259 qarda\u015flardan M\u0259ng\u00fc Gireyi \u201cBabi-Alinin hakimiyy\u0259tini q\u0259bul etm\u0259k \u015f\u0259rti il\u0259 Kr\u0131m taxt\u0131na\u201d oturdur. H\u0259min ild\u0259n Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

c\/ Kazan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 onun \u201c\u0259lav\u0259si\u201d kimi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulan Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ulu\u011f M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d v\u0259 o\u011flu Mahmudun s\u0259yl\u0259ri il\u0259 Orta Volqa v\u0259 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Kama \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259l Kazan vilay\u0259ti, 40-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 onun \u0259sas\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259qil Kazan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl edir. Bu d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u0259razisi m\u00fcasir Rusiyan\u0131n Tatar\u0131stan, Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan, \u00c7uva\u015fiya, Udmurtiya, Mari federal qurumlar\u0131n\u0131, habel\u0259 Simbirsk, Penza, Perm, Vyatka, Nijni-Novqorod, Samara, Saratov (\u201cSar\u0131-tau\u201d), Tsar\u0131ts\u0131n (\u201cSar\u0131-tin\u201d), Tambov, Ryazan kimi q\u0259dim \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 edirdi. Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u0259ldikd\u0259 onun yaranmas\u0131 v\u0259 \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funa dair fikirl\u0259r xeyli ziddiyy\u0259tlidir. H\u0259tta b\u0259zi rus v\u0259 tatar aliml\u0259ri bel\u0259 bir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarix\u00e7il\u0259rin uydurmas\u0131 hesab edirl\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 ad\u0131 ke\u00e7mir. Tatarlarla m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n b\u0259hs ed\u0259n rus m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 bu qurum v\u0259 onun yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259 \u201cMe\u015fera\u201d, \u201cMe\u015fer yurdu\u201d, \u201cRyazan yurdu\u201d, \u201cMe\u015fer \u015f\u0259h\u0259rciyi\u201d, h\u0259tta \u201c\u015eahzad\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri\u201d kimi adlarla xat\u0131rlan\u0131r. Frans\u0131z tarix\u00e7isi Jan Pol Ru is\u0259 bu t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fc Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordadan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 xanl\u0131qlar siyah\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6st\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259, Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair tam \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus, orijinal bir versiya ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcr. Onun fikrinc\u0259, \u201cUlu\u011f M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259din hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n o\u011fullar\u0131ndan biri Qas\u0131m b\u0259y (\u00f6l. 1469) Moskvaya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 Qorodets adl\u0131 bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin ona verilm\u0259sin\u0259 nail olmu\u015fdur. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r bundan sonra \u201cKasimov\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Qas\u0131m b\u0259y XV \u0259srd\u0259 xristian bir h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n vassal\u0131 olma\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etmi\u015f yegan\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lman b\u0259yidir. O, ruslara sadiq qalacaq, onlarla birlikd\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f yurdda\u015flar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015ftirak ed\u0259c\u0259k v\u0259 xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul edib slavyanla\u015facaqd\u0131. M\u00fcs\u0259lman \u0259hali buna d\u00f6zm\u0259yib yax\u0131nl\u0131qdak\u0131 \u0130slam \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 (tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur-N.M.) \u00fcz tutacaq\u201d. Daha geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f versiya is\u0259 bundan ibar\u0259tdir ki, Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ulu\u011f M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259din 1445-ci ild\u0259 Suzdal yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ruslarla apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 meydan m\u00fcharib\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 yaran\u0131b. Q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 \u00e7alan M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d xan \u0259sir ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 rus hakimi Vasili qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u015f\u0259rt ir\u0259li s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 bunlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sin\u0259 nail olmu\u015fdur. T\u00fcrk tarix\u00e7isi \u018f.D\u0259mirin fikrinc\u0259, h\u0259min \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 Oka \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki \u015f\u0259h\u0259r (m\u00fc\u0259llif \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cHankerman\u201d kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rir v\u0259 ba\u015fqa m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, yeni sal\u0131nan Qas\u0131m \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri\u201d dey\u0259 izah verir) m\u0259rk\u0259z olmaqla Qas\u0131m b\u0259yliyinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 idi. \u018f.D\u0259mir yaz\u0131r: \u201cBu b\u0259yliyi Ulu\u011f M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259din o\u011flu Qas\u0131m idar\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259kdi. Tarixd\u0259 \u201cQas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d (1445-1681) ad\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131nan bu t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fcn meydana g\u0259tirilm\u0259sind\u0259n m\u0259qs\u0259din \u201cMoskvan\u0131 daha\u00a0 yax\u0131ndan n\u0259zar\u0259td\u0259 saxlamaq, laz\u0131m g\u0259ldiyi vaxt d\u0259rhal m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259rbi q\u00fcvv\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xarmaq\u201d oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yl\u0259nilir. Buradak\u0131 h\u0259rbi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin m\u0259sr\u0259fl\u0259ri \u0259traf rus \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin g\u0259lirl\u0259rind\u0259n t\u0259min olunacaq, Moskva x\u0259zin\u0259sind\u0259n d\u0259 illik \u00f6d\u0259nc ayr\u0131lacaqd\u0131\u201d. Deyil\u0259nl\u0259rd\u0259n bel\u0259 bir q\u0259na\u0259t hasil olur ki, tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda Qas\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na qeyri-ciddi m\u00fcnasib\u0259t b\u0259sl\u0259nilm\u0259si (gah onun \u201cb\u0259ylik\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, gah \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funun \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131) bu siyasi birliyin lap ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131cdan \u201cyard\u0131m\u00e7\u0131\u201d missiya da\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00e7\/ Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

XV \u0259srd\u0259 t\u0259dric\u0259n Tobol v\u0259 \u0130rt\u0131\u015f \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n qovu\u015fdu\u011fu \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi \u00c7ingi-Tura (T\u00fcmen) olan Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 yaran\u0131r v\u0259 ilk d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Noqay Ordas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259r\u0259k, sonradan m\u00fcst\u0259qil xanl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7evrilir.<\/p>\n

Tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda bu q\u0131sa m\u0259lumata onu da \u0259lav\u0259 etm\u0259liyik ki, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri yaln\u0131z sadalananlarla m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131r. Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, 1920-ci il\u0259d\u0259k Xiv\u0259 xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olmu\u015f Xar\u0259zm d\u00f6vl\u0259ti d\u0259 \u015feybanil\u0259rin (v\u0259 dem\u0259li, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n) varisi say\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eeybanil\u0259r (\u00f6zb\u0259kl\u0259r) vaxtil\u0259 Q\u0259rbi Sibird\u0259n Mav\u0259ra\u00fcnn\u0259hr\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 edib burada \u00c7a\u011fatay ulusuna aid \u0259razil\u0259ri tutmu\u015f v\u0259 yaratd\u0131qlar\u0131 xanl\u0131\u011fa babalar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fl\u0259r. D.K\u0131d\u0131r\u0259li v\u0259 Q.Babayarov varisl\u0259r siyah\u0131s\u0131na \u00d6zb\u0259k xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (\u018fb\u00fclxeyir xan, 1428-1468) v\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n cavan Qazax xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ayr\u0131ca daxil edirl\u0259r. Qazax xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 cucil\u0259rin (\u201csol qol\u201d h\u00f6kmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n) q\u0259dim \u00c7a\u011fatay torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 Beyn\u0259lxalq T\u00fcrk Akademiyas\u0131 aliml\u0259rinin fikrinc\u0259, 1465-ci ild\u0259n 1822\/1847-ci il\u0259d\u0259k m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu qorumu\u015fdur. Geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fqa bir q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u0259g\u0259r \u00f6zb\u0259kl\u0259r (\u015feybanil\u0259r) Orta Asiyan\u0131n oturaq \u0259halisini \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 tabe etmi\u015fl\u0259rs\u0259, Qazax xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri \u00e7a\u011fatay-moqollarla Cuci ulusunun sol qoluna m\u0259nsub k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259rin ittifaq\u0131ndan yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

N\u0259hay\u0259t, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n par\u00e7alanma prosesl\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259hs ed\u0259rk\u0259n m\u00fctl\u0259q bir m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 d\u0259 toxunmaq laz\u0131m g\u0259lir. B\u0259z\u0259n tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131qdan qurtulmas\u0131 kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilir v\u0259 bunlar eynizamanl\u0131\u00a0 hadis\u0259l\u0259r say\u0131l\u0131r. Birm\u0259nal\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qeyd etm\u0259liyik ki, bel\u0259 deyil. Sovet tarix\u00e7il\u0259rinin d\u0259 etiraf etdikl\u0259ri kimi, rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n s\u00fcqutundan sonra da uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t, XVI \u0259sr\u0259d\u0259k Kazan v\u0259 H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259zar\u0259tind\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015flar. Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 is\u0259 XVIII \u0259srd\u0259 bel\u0259 \u201crus ulusu\u201dnu v\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Litva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na aid \u201crus torpaqlar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 (Ukraynan\u0131) \u00f6z vot\u00e7inas\u0131 hesab etmi\u015fdir v\u0259 bu da \u0259sass\u0131z deyil. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, B\u00f6y\u00fck Orda xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 Uqra \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki qar\u015f\u0131durmadan (1480) sonra Moskva \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yaln\u0131z bir \u015fey d\u0259yi\u015fmi\u015fdir: onlar art\u0131q t\u0259k \u201cBa\u015f Orda\u201dya yox, h\u0259m d\u0259 ad\u0131\u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n tatar xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na x\u0259rac \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259li olmu\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n tarixd\u0259 rolu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 y\u00fczillik \u0259rzind\u0259 n\u0259h\u0259ng bir co\u011frafi m\u0259kanda ba\u015f ver\u0259n m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b siyasi, iqtisadi, etnik, demoqrafik, m\u0259d\u0259ni… prosesl\u0259rin \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tverici q\u00fcvv\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015f Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n tarixi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti \u00f6zl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 geni\u015f bir t\u0259dqiqat m\u00f6vzusu olub, \u0130slam tarixi, t\u00fcrk-\u0130slam m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin inki\u015faf\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259sir dair\u0259sinin geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 s\u0131x ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda h\u0259m\u00e7inin bir \u00e7ox t\u00fcrk etnoslar\u0131n\u0131n genezisind\u0259 silinm\u0259z izl\u0259r buraxm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m d\u00f6vl\u0259tin tarixi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti v\u0259 bizim o\u00e7erkl\u0259rin ana m\u00f6vzusu aras\u0131nda k\u0259si\u015fm\u0259 m\u0259qamlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rark\u0259n \u0259n az\u0131 3 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni q\u0131sa da olsa vur\u011fulamaq laz\u0131m g\u0259lir. \u0130lk \u00f6nc\u0259 qeyd edilm\u0259lidir ki, m\u00fcasir tatar xalq\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n birba\u015fa etnom\u0259d\u0259ni varisidir v\u0259 bir etnos olaraq m\u0259hz bu d\u00f6vl\u0259tin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 ik\u0259n formala\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Orda imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fq\u0131rd, qazax, noqay, \u00f6zb\u0259k v\u0259 b. t\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n etnik inki\u015faf\u0131nda \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli rol oynamas\u0131 ikinci m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259dir. V\u0259 n\u0259hay\u0259t, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc x\u00fcsus- Rusiyada d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7ilik \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Moskva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda idar\u0259\u00e7ilik sisteminin v\u0259 h\u0259rbi i\u015fin t\u0259\u015fkilind\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordadan \u0259xz olunmu\u015f z\u0259ngin t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259nin \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sidir ki, bu haqda bir q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259trafl\u0131 b\u0259hs etm\u0259k laz\u0131m g\u0259lir. Yuxar\u0131da da vur\u011fuland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi, monqol i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 \u0259r\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 ruslar ya\u015fayan \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259 daxili asayi\u015f pozulmu\u015fdu v\u0259 faktiki olaraq anarxiya h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. M\u0259hz Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n d\u0259mir intizam v\u0259 sabitlik yaratmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 knyazl\u0131qlar aras\u0131nda ixtilaf v\u0259 \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 son qoyulmu\u015f, iqtisadi v\u0259 sosial rifah\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259minat yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Sonrak\u0131 240 il \u0259rzind\u0259 Moskva knyazlar\u0131 Ordan\u0131n inzibati metodlar\u0131na yiy\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015f, idar\u0259\u00e7ilik texnologiyalar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259nims\u0259mi\u015fl\u0259r. Vadim Trepavlovun da etiraf etdiyi kimi geni\u015f \u0259razil\u0259rin s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259rt hakimiyy\u0259t iyerarxiyas\u0131n\u0131n qurulmas\u0131, yasaq (natural vergil\u0259rin \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259si) v\u0259 \u0259man\u0259tl\u0259r (as\u0131l\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259fin hakim s\u00fclal\u0259sinin t\u0259msil\u00e7isi u\u015faq ya\u015flar\u0131ndan hakim t\u0259r\u0259f\u0259 \u201camanat\u201d, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, girov g\u00f6nd\u0259rilirdi) sisteminin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 daha m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259uy\u011fun say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r o d\u00f6vr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn innovativ say\u0131lan bir \u00e7ox texnologiyalar\u0131n t\u0259tbiqin\u0259 geni\u015f z\u0259min yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Rus knyazl\u0131qlar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 \u00c7ingiz xan d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n yol-n\u0259qliyyat v\u0259 po\u00e7t-rabit\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sin\u0259\u00a0 inteqrasiya olunmu\u015fdur. Pul t\u0259dav\u00fcl\u00fc v\u0259 g\u00f6mr\u00fck sisteml\u0259rinin Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordadan \u0259xz edilm\u0259si m\u00fcasir rus dilinin leksik t\u0259rkibind\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259ksini tap\u0131r. Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, ruscada bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 \u00fcmumi\u015fl\u0259k olan \u201cdenqi\u201d (pul) v\u0259 \u201ctamojnya\u201d (g\u00f6mr\u00fck) s\u00f6zl\u0259rinin \u201ct\u0259ng\u0259\u201d, \u201ctam\u011fa\/dam\u011fa\u201d s\u00f6zl\u0259rinin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si oldu\u011fu \u015f\u0259ksizdir. Ordan\u0131n as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etdikd\u0259n sonra Saray v\u0259 dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rin geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si, gedi\u015f-g\u0259li\u015fin artmas\u0131 ruslar\u0131n geyim, kulinariya v\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259t t\u0259rzl\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259rin t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir ki, bir \u00e7ox etnoqraf v\u0259 tarix\u00e7il\u0259r bunu ispan m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin \u0259r\u0259b-m\u00fcs\u0259lman elementl\u0259ri hesab\u0131na z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si il\u0259 analoji hadis\u0259 hesab edirl\u0259r. Orda t\u0259sirl\u0259rinin, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, kompleks s\u0259ciyy\u0259 da\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, rus d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn daha d\u0259rin qatlar\u0131na siray\u0259t etdiyi m\u00fcasir elmi fikird\u0259 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 t\u0259dqiqatlar yolu il\u0259 t\u0259sdiqini tap\u0131b. \u201cOrda z\u00fclm\u00fc\u201d haqq\u0131nda t\u0259lqinedici fikirl\u0259rin geni\u015f yay\u0131lmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, 240 illik bu d\u00f6vr\u00fcn rus xalq\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi t\u0259kam\u00fcl tarixind\u0259 m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qeyd ed\u0259nl\u0259r, z\u0259nnimizc\u0259, daha haql\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bu t\u0259may\u00fcl\u00fcn t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131 Orda il\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rin, \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259n t\u0259sirl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rin rus d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7iliyin\u0259 g\u00fcc, dayan\u0131ql\u0131q v\u0259 davaml\u0131l\u0131q verdiyni vur\u011fulay\u0131r, rus dilinin, pravoslav kils\u0259sinin, rus etnom\u0259d\u0259ni kimliyinin \u201cOrda boyunduru\u011fu\u201d alt\u0131nda m\u00fchafiz\u0259 olunub m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f milli d\u00f6vl\u0259t ideyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 s. dair tutarl\u0131 arqumentl\u0259r ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u0259r. Sovet tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0259tta Moskva Rusiyas\u0131na Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n tarixi varisl\u0259rind\u0259n biri kimi baxanlar da olmu\u015fdur v\u0259 bu, he\u00e7 d\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcfi say\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha bir maraql\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 s\u00fcquta u\u011fray\u0131b, xanl\u0131qlara transformasiya olunandan sonra da Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n \u00f6z t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri vasit\u0259sil\u0259 siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni d\u00f6vr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam etdir\u0259 bilm\u0259sidir. Bu m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m imperiyan\u0131n ba\u011fr\u0131ndan qopan, onun\u00a0 \u201cgen\u201dl\u0259rini da\u015f\u0131yan tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n yaln\u0131z xatir\u0259sini deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 siyasi miras\u0131n\u0131 (idar\u0259\u00e7ilik formas\u0131n\u0131, daxili qurulu\u015funu, hakim s\u00fclal\u0259l\u0259rini, prinsip v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rini) ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015f, z\u0259rr\u0259 k\u00fcll\u00fc \u0259ks etdirdiyi t\u0259rzd\u0259, onun ki\u00e7ik analoqlar\u0131 olmu\u015flar. Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda d\u00fcnya x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259n silindikd\u0259n sonra da geosiyasi prosesl\u0259rin aktiv i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tamamil\u0259 real bir g\u00fcc kimi t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr edil\u0259n azsayl\u0131 tarix subyektl\u0259rind\u0259n say\u0131la bil\u0259r. Onun vahim\u0259si uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u00e7oxlar\u0131n\u0131n yuxusuna haram qat\u0131b. Rusiya bu c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n ham\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst\u0259l\u0259yir \u00a0des\u0259k, yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131q olmaz. \u00c7ar imperializmi v\u0259 Sovet hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n tarixi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini he\u00e7\u0259 endir\u0259n, onu \u201cv\u0259h\u015fi \u015e\u0259rq t\u0259may\u00fcll\u00fc\u201d m\u00fctl\u0259qiyy\u0259t\u00e7i monarxiya kimi t\u0259qdim ed\u0259n basmaq\u0259lib bax\u0131\u015flar h\u0259r vasit\u0259 il\u0259 m\u0259hz buna g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 tirajlanm\u0131\u015f, t\u0259krarlanaraq kitabdan kitaba ke\u00e7mi\u015f, n\u0259sild\u0259n n\u0259sl\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, k\u00fctl\u0259vi \u015f\u00fcura v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t siyas\u0259tin\u0259 siray\u0259t etmi\u015f, unikal bir sindrom, h\u0259tta x\u0259st\u0259lik hal\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015fdur. Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n diril\u0259c\u0259yind\u0259n,\u00a0 canlanaca\u011f\u0131ndan, dir\u00e7\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yind\u0259n h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 qorxmu\u015flar. Onun t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u015fidd\u0259tli aqressiyan\u0131n bir m\u00fch\u00fcm s\u0259b\u0259bi d\u0259 burada axtar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da Kazan, H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan, Sibir, Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n, Noqay Ordas\u0131n\u0131n ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal edilm\u0259si m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259trafl\u0131 dayanaca\u011f\u0131q. \u018fminlikl\u0259 s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259rik ki, bu davaml\u0131 i\u015f\u011fallar\u0131n \u0259n \u00fcmumi v\u0259 \u0259n ba\u015fl\u0131ca s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259n biri – Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n reinkarnasiya xofu olub. Ad\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurumlar\u0131n\u0131n siyasi tarixi v\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal xronikas\u0131 da m\u0259hz Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 stereotipl\u0259rin k\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 \u201c\u00f6yr\u0259nilmi\u015f\u201d, a\u00e7\u0131q t\u0259hrifl\u0259r v\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fc\u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc kli\u015fel\u0259rl\u0259 dolu bir \u201ctarix\u201d qondar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Q\u0131sa des\u0259k, Ordan\u0131n varisliyi tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn taleyin \u015f\u0259r\u0259fli bir b\u0259x\u015fi\u015fi olmaqla b\u0259rab\u0259r onlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r siyasi-tarixi m\u0259suliyy\u0259t y\u00fck\u00fc qoymu\u015fdur v\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal prosesind\u0259 onlar\u0131n x\u00fcsusi amans\u0131zl\u0131qla c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131- b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015fqa amill\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 bu miras\u0131n \u201ca\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dil\u0259 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259nmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

N.MUSTAFA<\/strong>
\n(ARDI VAR)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7AR\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130\u015e\u011eAL\u00c7ILIQ S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130 \u00dcMUMT\u00dcRK TAR\u0130X\u0130 KONTEKST\u0130ND\u018f Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 (tarixi-etnoqrafik o\u00e7erkl\u0259r) Q \u00a0I \u00a0Z \u00a0I \u00a0L\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0O \u00a0R \u00a0D \u00a0A Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 vassall\u0131qlarda idar\u0259\u00e7ilik Q\u0259dim \u00c7ingiz yasalar\u0131, B\u00f6y\u00fck Monqol Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259m\u0259ll\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 effektiv idar\u0259\u00e7ilik sisteminin formala\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada da q\u0259dim t\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi ali hakimiyy\u0259t orqan\u0131 qurultay idi. Xan\u0131n, onun xan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n, yax\u0131n qohumlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u201co\u011flan\u201d v\u0259 \u201csultan\u201dlar\u0131n), G\u00f6y Orda xan\u0131n\u0131n, hakim tayfa\u00a0 \u0259mirl\u0259rinin (bunlar h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u00fcm\u0259n v\u0259 min b\u0259yl\u0259ri idil\u0259r), t\u0259qrib\u0259n 70-\u0259 yax\u0131n ulus v\u0259 el ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, n\u00fcfuzlu \u0259mirl\u0259rin i\u015ftirak etdiyi qurultaylarda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":507918,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"gutentor_comment":0,"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2.jpg",975,540,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2.jpg",975,540,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2.jpg",975,540,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2-500x280.jpg",500,280,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2-660x365.jpg",660,365,true],"large":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2-840x465.jpg",640,354,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2.jpg",975,540,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2.jpg",975,540,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2-240x172.jpg",240,172,true],"advps-thumb-one":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/d04eb5de166153242648024051910799392-2.jpg",975,540,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"V\u00fcsal Rafiqo\u011flu","author_link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?author=2"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"C\u0259miyy\u0259t<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"\u00c7AR\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130\u015e\u011eAL\u00c7ILIQ S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130 \u00dcMUMT\u00dcRK TAR\u0130X\u0130 KONTEKST\u0130ND\u018f Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 (tarixi-etnoqrafik o\u00e7erkl\u0259r) Q \u00a0I \u00a0Z \u00a0I \u00a0L\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0O \u00a0R \u00a0D \u00a0A Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 vassall\u0131qlarda idar\u0259\u00e7ilik Q\u0259dim \u00c7ingiz yasalar\u0131, B\u00f6y\u00fck Monqol Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259m\u0259ll\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 effektiv idar\u0259\u00e7ilik sisteminin formala\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada da q\u0259dim t\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi ali hakimiyy\u0259t orqan\u0131 qurultay idi. Xan\u0131n,…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507915"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=507915"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507915\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/507918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=507915"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=507915"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=507915"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}