{"id":516661,"date":"2022-09-24T08:05:44","date_gmt":"2022-09-24T05:05:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=516661"},"modified":"2022-09-24T08:05:44","modified_gmt":"2022-09-24T05:05:44","slug":"ortaq-kecmisd%c9%99n-ortaq-g%c9%99l%c9%99c%c9%99y%c9%99-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=516661","title":{"rendered":"ORTAQ KE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eD\u018fN ORTAQ G\u018fL\u018fC\u018fY\u018f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>\u00c7AR\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130\u015e\u011eAL\u00c7ILIQ S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130 \u00dcMUMT\u00dcRK TAR\u0130X\u0130 KONTEKST\u0130ND\u018f-Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(tarixi-etnoqrafik o\u00e7erkl\u0259r)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00a0 \u0130\u00a0 B\u00a0 \u0130\u00a0 R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00a0 A\u00a0 N\u00a0 L\u00a0 I\u00a0 \u011e\u00a0 I<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f rus tarix\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 V.V.Poxlyobkinin m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00fcmumi tarix \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259, d\u0259rslik v\u0259 d\u0259rs v\u0259saitl\u0259rind\u0259, habel\u0259 populyar \u0259d\u0259biyyatda Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumatlar bir qayda olaraq K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015f\u0131r. D\u00fczg\u00fcn q\u0259na\u0259tdir. V\u0259 bu, h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u00f6nc\u0259 Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t kimi formala\u015fmas\u0131, m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini qorumaq u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmas\u0131 v\u0259 s\u00fcquta u\u011framas\u0131 prosesl\u0259rinin K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n t\u0259qrib\u0259n 40 illik (1563-1598) hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf etm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Eyni zamanda Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rki tarixinin, dem\u0259k olar, s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259sbit edilm\u0259m\u0259si, \u0259ld\u0259 olan azsayl\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n is\u0259 qar\u0131\u015f\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131 diqq\u0259td\u0259n yay\u0131nm\u0131r. Biz d\u0259 bu o\u00e7erkd\u0259 oxucunu qaranl\u0131q, ziddiyy\u0259tli v\u0259 subyektiv m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 yormadan \u0259sas etibaril\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan d\u00f6vr\u00fc il\u0259 kifay\u0259tl\u0259n\u0259c\u0259k, ondan sonrak\u0131 prosesl\u0259r\u0259 is\u0259 \u00e7ox q\u0131sa bir n\u0259z\u0259r salaca\u011f\u0131q. Amma \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 m\u00f6vzuya giri\u015f kimi m\u00fcxt\u0259s\u0259r bir aray\u0131\u015fa l\u00fczum g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck.<\/p>\n<p>\u018fks\u0259r m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r Sibird\u0259 erk\u0259n tatar d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7iliyinin t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordan\u0131n t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl\u00fc il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirirl\u0259r. Bu torpaqlarda B\u00f6y\u00fck T\u00fcmen xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259xmin\u0259n 1495-ci ild\u0259 M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d xan (rus m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 Mahmet) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yarad\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilir. Ordan\u0131n himay\u0259sind\u0259 olan B\u00f6y\u00fck T\u00fcm\u0259n xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259ks\u0259r hallarda Sibir (Seber) xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sibir yurdu ad\u0131 il\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259qdim olunur v\u0259 tarix\u00e7il\u0259r bu ad\u0131n xan q\u0259rargah\u0131n\u0131n yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi Sibir (dig\u0259r adlar\u0131: \u0130sk\u0259r v\u0259 Ka\u015fl\u0131k) \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar oldu\u011funu bildirirl\u0259r. Ba\u015fqa bir q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 is\u0259 Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 B\u00f6y\u00fck T\u00fcm\u0259n xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birba\u015fa davam\u0131 deyil, ondan sonra t\u0259sis olunub v\u0259 onun torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirib. Bu fikri d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n inzibati m\u0259rk\u0259zinin \u00c7imgi-Tura (haz\u0131rda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131ndak\u0131 T\u00fcmen \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin \u0259razisind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015firdi) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc, sonralar is\u0259 yenid\u0259n Ka\u015fl\u0131ka qaytar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n<p>Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ki\u00e7ik uluslardan ibar\u0259t \u00e7oxmill\u0259tli bir siyasi birlik oldu\u011fu t\u0259sbit edilib. Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geni\u015f \u0259razisi \u0130rt\u0131\u015f v\u0259 Ob \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n (h\u0259m\u00e7inin bu \u00e7aylar\u0131n \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 qollar\u0131n\u0131n) h\u00f6vz\u0259sini \u0259hat\u0259 edirdi. Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fimal-q\u0259rbi Uralda Perm torpaqlar\u0131 il\u0259, q\u0259rbi Uralda Kazan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259, c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbi Uralda Noqay Ordas\u0131 il\u0259 qon\u015fu idi, c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 is\u0259 Barabin \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc boyu uzan\u0131rd\u0131. Burada Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordada, yaxud Kazan v\u0259 Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131qlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fcz meqapolisl\u0259r, klassik \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r, dem\u0259k olar, yox idi. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r dey\u0259nd\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, \u00e7ay k\u0259narlar\u0131nda m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirilmi\u015f istehkamlar v\u0259 ki\u00e7ik ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. H\u0259m istehkamlarda, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 tikilil\u0259r a\u011fac (taxta) materialdan in\u015fa edilirdi. H\u0259r ikisi h\u0259m ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f-t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat m\u0259qs\u0259din\u0259 xidm\u0259t edir, h\u0259m d\u0259 h\u0259rbi m\u00fcdafi\u0259 funksiyalar\u0131 da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r, ticar\u0259t v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, eyni zamanda h\u0259rbi i\u015fin \u201ckarkas\u0131\u201d rolunu oynay\u0131rd\u0131. Bu c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n \u00e7ox zaman daha \u00fcmumi \u201cqala\u201d terminind\u0259n istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 s\u00f6hb\u0259tin \u201c\u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u201dd\u0259n, yaxud m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirilmi\u015f istehkamdan getdiyini anlamaq \u00e7\u0259tinlik t\u00f6r\u0259dir. \u00c7ar arxivl\u0259rind\u0259 saxlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 istinad ed\u0259n bir \u00e7ox tarix\u015f\u00fcnaslar\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, o d\u00f6vr\u00fcn yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u00e7ilik kanonlar\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259 istehkam aras\u0131nda f\u0259rq yaln\u0131z q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259rin say\u0131na v\u0259 \u0259traf\u0131na divar \u00e7\u0259kilib-\u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 qoyulurmu\u015f. \u018fg\u0259r istehkam hasara al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131sa v\u0259 q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259rinin say\u0131 d\u00f6rdd\u0259n \u00e7ox olurdusa, onu art\u0131q \u201c\u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u201d saymaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn idi. \u018fslind\u0259, h\u0259l\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda zaman\u0131nda, XIII \u0259srd\u0259 Tura \u00e7ay\u0131 sahilind\u0259, onun T\u00fcmen \u00e7ay\u0131na t\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fcy\u00fc yerd\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00c7imgi-Tura (yaxud, sad\u0259c\u0259 Tura; m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin 1446-c\u0131 il\u0259d\u0259k paytaxt oldu\u011funa \u015fahidlik edir) v\u0259 \u0130rt\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011f sahilind\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u0130sk\u0259r (Sibir v\u0259 ya Ka\u015fl\u0131k) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri d\u0259 istisna olmay\u0131b, dig\u0259r \u201cistehkam\u201dlardan \u0259razil\u0259rinin nisb\u0259t\u0259n geni\u015fliyi il\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259nirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0259halisi b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tl\u0259 oturaq v\u0259 yar\u0131mk\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi ke\u00e7irir, heyvandarl\u0131qla, bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131qla, ov\u00e7uluqla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olur, at v\u0259 qoyun saxlay\u0131rd\u0131. Ke\u00e7ilm\u0259z tayqa me\u015f\u0259likl\u0259ri (yerli \u0259hali tayqan\u0131 \u201curman\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 bu termin bir \u00e7ox rus s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 \u00fcmumi\u015fl\u0259k s\u00f6z kimi i\u015fl\u0259nir) v\u0259 s\u0259rt iqlim \u015f\u0259raiti \u0259kin\u00e7ilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan (baxmayaraq ki, m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r Tobol v\u0259 \u0130rt\u0131\u015f \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n axarlar\u0131nda ki\u00e7ik d\u0259 olsa, \u0259kin\u00e7i icmalar\u0131n m\u0259skunla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir) bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q m\u00fcst\u0259sna \u00f6n\u0259m da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r, q\u0131tl\u0131q d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259 bal\u0131q \u00e7\u00f6r\u0259yi d\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z edirdi. Bolsulu \u00e7aylar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 otlaqlar is\u0259 heyvandarl\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nisb\u0259t\u0259n \u0259lveri\u015fli idi. Lakin b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, Sibir xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas dolan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259hsuldan- x\u0259z d\u0259rid\u0259n v\u0259 duzdan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131rd\u0131. X\u0259z d\u0259ri emal\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da geni\u015f toxunulaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn burada \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u00fcbadil\u0259 m\u0259hsulu say\u0131lan duz istehsal\u0131n\u0131 qeyd etm\u0259kl\u0259 kifay\u0259tl\u0259n\u0259k. Duz- sibirlil\u0259rin m\u0259i\u015f\u0259tind\u0259 d\u0259, ticar\u0259tind\u0259 d\u0259 (misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bal\u0131q m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z duzlamaqla \u201ckonservl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k\u201d olurdu) \u0259v\u0259zedilm\u0259z yer tuturdu. Bu c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n \u0130rt\u0131\u015f \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n yuxar\u0131 axar\u0131nda, sonradan sal\u0131nan Tara \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin 800 verstliyind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n duz m\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259ri Sibirin z\u0259ngin t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri kimi yerli xalqlar\u0131n t\u0259minat\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131r, bu yataqdan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lan a\u011f duz qon\u015fu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 sat\u0131l\u0131r, konvertasiya olunan \u0259mt\u0259\u0259 kimi y\u00fcks\u0259k d\u0259y\u0259r da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f6vl\u0259tin ba\u015f\u0131nda xan dururdu, amma o, uluslar\u0131n (Barabin, \u0130\u015fim, C\u0259lairi uluslar\u0131 bunlar\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fckl\u0259rind\u0259n say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131) idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fm\u0131rd\u0131. Uluslar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tayfa a\u011fsaqqallar\u0131- b\u0259yl\u0259r, mirz\u0259l\u0259r, tarxanlar dururdu. Xan, o biri xanl\u0131qlarda oldu\u011fu kimi qurultayda se\u00e7ilir, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi kollegial olaraq (\u201cD\u00f6vl\u0259t \u015euras\u0131\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259c\u0259k b\u0259yl\u0259r qrupu Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131rd\u0131) h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilirdi. V.Trepavlovun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, d\u00f6vl\u0259t h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 dair q\u0259rarlar, q\u0259dimd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi, qurultayda, adi vaxtlarda is\u0259 \u201cm\u0259\u015fv\u0259r\u0259t yolu\u201d il\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. M\u00fcasir kriteriyalarla \u201cyar\u0131mh\u0259rbi feodal monarxiyas\u0131\u201d kimi xarakteriz\u0259 olunan Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r zaman\u0131 h\u0259r ulus b\u0259yi d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259 \u00f6z qo\u015funu il\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r, \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n q\u0259nim\u0259td\u0259n pay\u0131 da qo\u015funun b\u00f6y\u00fckl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 al\u0131rd\u0131. Xan\u0131n \u00f6z s\u0259r\u0259ncam\u0131nda noqaylardan ibar\u0259t daimi \u015f\u0259xsi qvardiya vard\u0131. Yerl\u0259rd\u0259n z\u0259rur\u0259t hal\u0131nda toplanan ordu is\u0259 s\u00fcvaril\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 piyadalardan t\u0259\u015fkil olunur, \u0259sas etibaril\u0259 ox-yay, niz\u0259, q\u0131l\u0131nc, x\u0259nc\u0259r, d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f baltas\u0131 v\u0259 s. kimi \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi arsenalla silahlan\u0131r, d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l bir qayda olaraq k\u0259\u015ffiyyat apar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 iddia ed\u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif xan\u0259danlar aras\u0131nda \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fckl\u0259ri\u00a0 yerli taybu\u011falar v\u0259 \u00c7ingiz soyundan g\u0259l\u0259n \u015feybanil\u0259rdir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan \u015feybanil\u0259rd\u0259n \u0130bak xan\u0131n n\u0259v\u0259si idi. Onun hakimiyy\u0259t\u00a0 qov\u011fas\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Sibir taxt\u0131n\u0131 taybu\u011falar xan\u0259dan\u0131na m\u0259nsub iki qarda\u015f- Yadigar v\u0259 B\u0259ybulat (Bekbulat\/B\u0259ypolad) b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r. Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk d\u0259f\u0259 Rusiya himay\u0259sini q\u0259bul etm\u0259si d\u0259 onlar\u0131n ad\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Amma bunu taybu\u011falar\u0131n Sibiri m\u0259qs\u0259dli \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 rus \u00e7ar\u0131na t\u0259slim etm\u0259k niyy\u0259ti il\u0259 izah etm\u0259k\u00a0 do\u011fru olmazd\u0131. 1555-ci ild\u0259 noqayl\u0131 \u0130smay\u0131l Mirz\u0259nin vasit\u0259\u00e7iliyi il\u0259 \u0130van Qrozn\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na el\u00e7il\u0259r g\u00f6nd\u0259rib Kazan v\u0259 H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti il\u0259 t\u0259brikl\u0259rini bildir\u0259n v\u0259 ondan himay\u0259\u00e7ilik xahi\u015f ed\u0259n qarda\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6z hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini \u0259ld\u0259 saxlamaqdan ba\u015fqa he\u00e7 n\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fcrd\u00fc (bu, h\u0259m d\u0259 xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zor g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 i\u015f\u011faldan qorumaq niyy\u0259tin\u0259 d\u0259lal\u0259t edir). Bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n Sibir taxt\u0131n\u0131n yasaya zidd olaraq q\u0259sb edildiyini (taybu\u011falar \u00c7ingiz soyundan deyildil\u0259r) \u0259sas g\u0259tir\u0259n \u015feybanil\u0259rin (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn), dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z-qazaxlar\u0131n c\u0259nubdan arams\u0131z h\u00fccumlar\u0131 il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131-qar\u015f\u0131ya qalm\u0131\u015f Yadigar v\u0259 B\u0259ypolad qarda\u015flar\u0131 ruslar\u0131n da n\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259rini t\u0259dricl\u0259 b\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tli Sibir torpaqlar\u0131na \u00e7evirdikl\u0259rini g\u00f6r\u00fcr, v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00e7\u0259tinliyini anlay\u0131r, \u00e7ar IV \u0130van\u0131n himay\u0259sin\u0259 girm\u0259kd\u0259n ba\u015fqa \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f yolu tapa bilmirdil\u0259r. H\u0259l\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda zaman\u0131nda rus voyevodalar\u0131 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 (1465-ci ild\u0259 Skryabinin, 1472-ci ild\u0259 Pestr\u0131n\u0131n, 1483-c\u00fc ild\u0259 knyaz F.Kurbskinin, 1499-cu ild\u0259 is\u0259 voyevodalardan S.Kurbski, P.U\u015fat\u0131y, V.Brajnik-Qavrilovun silahl\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri) Ural da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015faraq, Ob \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259ns\u0259bin\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u0130sk\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r g\u0259lib \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. D\u0259niz limanlar\u0131na malik olmayan ruslar Sibir\u0259 t\u00fck\u0259nm\u0259z qiym\u0259tli x\u0259z d\u0259ri m\u0259d\u0259ni kimi bax\u0131r, bu yerl\u0259ri \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259kl\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq ticar\u0259t bazarlar\u0131nda maraq do\u011furma\u011fa \u00fcmid b\u0259sl\u0259yirdil\u0259r. Rus tacir v\u0259 zad\u0259ganlar\u0131n\u0131n Sibir\u0259 hakim olma arzusu Yadigar v\u0259 B\u0259ybulatdan \u00f6tr\u00fc sirr deyildi. Get-ged\u0259 g\u00fccl\u0259ndiyi ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n bu arzunu ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259c\u0259k siyasi irad\u0259 d\u0259 gec-tez ortaya \u00e7\u0131xacaqd\u0131. Bunu yax\u015f\u0131 anlayan qarda\u015flar \u00e7ar\u0131n himay\u0259sini q\u0259bul etm\u0259kl\u0259 da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq, \u0259n az\u0131, t\u0259sirini azaltmaq, Kazanda ba\u015f vermi\u015f d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259krarlanmas\u0131na yol verm\u0259m\u0259k, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 k\u0259nar t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fccl\u00fc bir m\u00fctt\u0259fiq qazanmaq niyy\u0259ti g\u00fcd\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r.<\/p>\n<p>1555-ci ilin yanvar\u0131nda Yadigar v\u0259 Bekbulat\u0131n el\u00e7il\u0259rini q\u0259bul ed\u0259n \u00e7ar \u0130van Qrozn\u0131 xanl\u0131qdan adamba\u015f\u0131na 1 samur v\u0259 1 d\u0259l\u0259 x\u0259zi hesab\u0131 il\u0259 illik bac \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259si m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 himay\u0259sin\u0259 alma\u011fa raz\u0131 oldu\u011funu, qarda\u015flara \u201cknyaz yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d veril\u0259c\u0259yini, eyni zamanda Sibir\u0259 cani\u015fin (\u201cdaruqa\u201d) g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259c\u0259yini s\u00f6yl\u0259di. Bu v\u0259zif\u0259y\u0259 t\u0259yin olunan Dmitri Kurovun \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259si x\u0259rac\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na v\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259k idi. El\u00e7il\u0259r xanl\u0131qda \u0259halinin say\u0131n\u0131n 30\u00a0700 n\u0259f\u0259r oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u0259s\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259, 1556-c\u0131 ilin sonunda Sibir s\u0259firi Boyanda il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Moskvaya qay\u0131dan D.Kurov c\u0259misi 700 samur x\u0259zi g\u0259tir\u0259 bilmi\u015fdi. Q\u0259z\u0259bl\u0259n\u0259n \u00e7ar Boyandan\u0131n \u015f\u0259xsi \u0259mlak\u0131n\u0131 \u0259lind\u0259n ald\u0131rd\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc is\u0259 zindana atd\u0131rd\u0131. Moskvaya \u00e7atas\u0131 bac\u0131n tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259\u00a0 toplanmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Sibir\u0259 \u00e7ara sadiq tatarlardan ibar\u0259t bir hey\u0259t g\u00f6nd\u0259rildi. 1557-ci ilin sentyabr\u0131nda hey\u0259t \u00fczvl\u0259ri 1104 samur x\u0259zi (bunlar\u0131n 104-\u00fc min d\u0259l\u0259 x\u0259zinin \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015fdi) il\u0259 qay\u0131td\u0131lar. Yadigar onlarla g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi m\u0259ktubda x\u0259rac\u0131 vaxt\u0131-vaxt\u0131nda \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259k \u00f6hd\u0259liyin\u0259 sadiq olu\u011funu yaz\u0131r, lakin \u015feybanil\u0259rl\u0259 arams\u0131z d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rin \u201cqara camaat\u201ddan \u201cyasaq\u201dlar\u0131n (vergil\u0259rin) toplanmas\u0131na mane\u00e7ilik t\u00f6r\u0259tdiyini qeyd ed\u0259r\u0259k, \u00e7ar\u0131n m\u00fcdaxil\u0259sin\u0259 ehtiyac duyuldu\u011funa i\u015far\u0259 vururdu. \u0130van Vasilyevi\u00e7i is\u0259 h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l vergi (bac) \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fl\u0259ri maraqland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. V\u0259 bu, he\u00e7 d\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyildi. Kazan v\u0259 H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131na, \u0259razil\u0259rinin geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, XVI \u0259srd\u0259 Moskva Rusu d\u00f6vl\u0259ti tarixinin he\u00e7 d\u0259 parlaq d\u00f6n\u0259mini ya\u015fam\u0131rd\u0131. Baltik d\u0259nizin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k u\u011frunda Livon c\u0259ngav\u0259rl\u0259ri ordeni (B\u00f6y\u00fck Litva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131) il\u0259 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r v\u0259 yorucu m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck maddi v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi itkil\u0259r ver\u0259n (sonda is\u0259 m\u0259\u011flub olan) \u00e7ar bo\u015falm\u0131\u015f x\u0259zin\u0259sin\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 g\u0259lirl\u0259r c\u0259lb etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yollar axtar\u0131rd\u0131. Taybu\u011fa qarda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n himay\u0259\u00e7ilik m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 natural \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 illik \u00f6d\u0259nc g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259k t\u0259klifi rus \u00e7ar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259tin maliyy\u0259 k\u0259sirini aradan qald\u0131rmaq bax\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6yd\u0259nd\u00fc\u015fm\u0259 olmu\u015fdu. X\u0259z ticar\u0259ti \u00f6lk\u0259nin ixrac g\u0259lirl\u0259rinin \u00fc\u00e7d\u0259 birini t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Sibir taxt\u0131 u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259 is\u0259, do\u011frudan da, art\u0131q \u0259n q\u0131z\u011f\u0131n m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259m qoymu\u015fdu. \u00c7ox ke\u00e7m\u0259d\u0259n taybu\u011falar M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyan\u0131n hegemon h\u0259rbi-siyasi q\u00fcvv\u0259si olan \u015eeybanil\u0259r xan\u0259dan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, Buxara h\u00f6kmdar\u0131 II Abdullah\u0131n (1560-1598) d\u0259st\u0259yini alan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n h\u0259rbi-siyasi t\u0259zyiql\u0259ri qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dayana bilm\u0259yib m\u0259\u011flub oldular. Buxara hakimi II Abdulla xan z\u0259man\u0259sinin mahir siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rind\u0259n v\u0259 g\u00f6rk\u0259mli d\u00f6vl\u0259t xadiml\u0259rind\u0259n biri kimi \u201curus\u201dlar\u0131n Volqaboyu, Qafqaz v\u0259 Sibir istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r, ancaq q\u0259tiyy\u0259tli add\u0131mlarla ir\u0259lil\u0259diyini g\u00f6r\u00fcr v\u0259 bunu yeni bir s\u0259lib y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirirdi. O, eyni zamanda ay\u0131q v\u0259 usta strateq oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cA\u011f \u00e7ar\u201dla m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri vaxt\u0131ndan \u0259vv\u0259l g\u0259rginl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k d\u0259 ist\u0259mirdi. Ruslar\u0131n maliyy\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259rind\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259rdar oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir-birinin ard\u0131nca Moskvaya ticar\u0259t el\u00e7il\u0259ri g\u00f6nd\u0259rir, f\u00fcrs\u0259t d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fckc\u0259, B\u00f6y\u00fck Noqay uruqlar\u0131nda m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nm\u0259k v\u0259 h\u0259tta Yaik \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qala tikdirm\u0259k niyy\u0259tl\u0259rini ehtiyatla b\u0259yan edir, bu niyy\u0259tl\u0259rini m\u00fcxt\u0259lif iqtisadi b\u0259han\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 inc\u0259 bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0259sasland\u0131rma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259, rus \u00e7ar\u0131 Abdullan\u0131 yax\u0131n buraxm\u0131r, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r bir h\u00f6kmdar hesab etmirdi. Amma bununla bel\u0259 Sibir u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 ona uduzmas\u0131n\u0131 da etiraf etm\u0259y\u0259 bilm\u0259zdi. Tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda yekdil r\u0259y bundan ibar\u0259tdir ki, 1563-c\u00fc ild\u0259 taybu\u011falarla \u00e7ingizil\u0259rin r\u0259qab\u0259tinin ikincil\u0259rin xeyrin\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259sas rolu m\u0259hz II Abdulla oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Co\u011frafi uzaql\u0131q v\u0259 1558-1583-c\u00fc ill\u0259r Livon m\u00fcharib\u0259si c\u0259bh\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 g\u0259rginlik s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n \u0259l-qolu ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f IV \u0130van\u0131n yarl\u0131k verdiyi qarda\u015flara yard\u0131m g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259q ola bilm\u0259mi\u015f, b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si noqay d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn Noqay Ordas\u0131 il\u0259 yax\u0131n qohumluq \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri qurmas\u0131, q\u0131z verib-q\u0131z almas\u0131 faktd\u0131r) \u00e7oxminli m\u00fcs\u0259lman ordusu Buxara hakiminin protejesi say\u0131lan (\u201ck\u00f6hn\u0259 ki\u015fi\u201dl\u0259rin varisi oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7arpd\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 xo\u015flayan II Abdullan\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u0259 yarl\u0131k g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259si d\u0259 m\u0259lumdur) K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131 Sibir taxt\u0131na oturtmu\u015fdu.<\/p>\n<p>\u018fks\u0259r tarix\u00e7il\u0259r Sibir \u0259halisinin \u0259ks\u0259r hiss\u0259sinin \u015faman dinin\u0259 etiqad etm\u0259si fakt\u0131n\u0131 \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259r\u0259k, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n taybu\u011falarla m\u00fcbariz\u0259sind\u0259 din amilini \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kir, onlar\u0131n h\u0259r ikisini qat\u0131 m\u00fcs\u0259lman t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcbke\u015fi kimi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndirir, diqq\u0259ti K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn b\u00fctp\u0259r\u0259st (b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 \u015famanist?) r\u0259qibl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 amans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Yadigar v\u0259 B\u0259ybulat\u0131 q\u0259ddarcas\u0131na q\u0259tl\u0259 yetirmi\u015fdi) y\u00f6n\u0259ldirl\u0259r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n, h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259, Sibir b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 \u0130slam dininin yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259sna xidm\u0259tl\u0259r g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259si \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259sizdir (Abdullah xana m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259r\u0259k t\u0259b\u0259\u0259l\u0259rinin m\u00fcs\u0259lmanla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, dini qayda-qanunlar\u0131n t\u0259lim v\u0259 t\u0259bli\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130sk\u0259r\u0259 vaiz v\u0259 m\u00fcd\u0259rrisl\u0259r g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259sini xahi\u015f etmi\u015f v\u0259 1572-1573-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 buna nail olmu\u015fdur). Bununla bel\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan daha \u00e7ox \u00e7arizmin istila\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q siyas\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 bar\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhurdur. Onun taxta ke\u00e7\u0259n kimi Moskva il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259ni k\u0259sm\u0259si, x\u0259rac toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 dayand\u0131rmas\u0131 v\u0259 bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015f s\u0259firi \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u0259si, Perm diyar\u0131nda ruslara yasaq verm\u0259y\u0259 davam ed\u0259n voqul v\u0259 ostyaklar\u0131 c\u0259zaland\u0131rmas\u0131 bir \u00e7ox m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259sdiqini tap\u0131r. Amma deyil\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, 1571-ci ild\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn rus \u00e7ar\u0131na \u201cyasaq\u201d kimi min samur x\u0259zi g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyini, y\u0259ni x\u0259rac\u0131 \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259 davam etdiyini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n qaynaqlar da yox deyil. Odur ki, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n Moskva il\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 bird\u0259n-bir\u0259 yox, t\u0259dric\u0259n, tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 is\u0259 1572-ci ild\u0259- idar\u0259\u00e7ilik i\u015fl\u0259rini sahmana salandan v\u0259 m\u00f6vqeyini g\u00fccl\u0259ndir\u0259nd\u0259n sonra xitam verm\u0259si v\u0259 bunun Kr\u0131m xan\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Gireyin 1571-1572-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Moskva \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fc il\u0259 birba\u015fa \u0259laq\u0259li olmas\u0131 q\u0259na\u0259ti, z\u0259nnimizc\u0259, daha do\u011frudur. Bu q\u0259na\u0259ti q\u00fcvv\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259n ba\u015fqa bir arqument is\u0259 1573-c\u00fc ild\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n \u00f6z qarda\u015f\u0131 (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 is\u0259 o\u011flu) M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dqulu Kama \u00e7ay\u0131 boyuna- rus tacirl\u0259ri, Sibird\u0259 Moskva Rusu d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin maraqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259msil ed\u0259n Stroqanovlar\u0131n vot\u00e7inas\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 ax\u0131na g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259sidir.<\/p>\n<p>Stroqanovlar ail\u0259si vaxtil\u0259 qiym\u0259tli x\u0259z d\u0259ri axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Novqoroddan bu \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259lmi\u015f, sonra burada m\u0259skunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ticar\u0259tl\u0259rini qurub geni\u015fl\u0259ndirmi\u015f v\u0259 1558-ci ild\u0259 \u201cA\u011f ev\u201din (Moskva \u00e7ar\u0131n\u0131n saray\u0131n\u0131 \u201cBelokamenn\u0131y\u201d, y\u0259ni a\u011f da\u015fdan tikilmi\u015f saray adland\u0131rmaq o zamandan d\u0259b idi) d\u0259st\u0259yi il\u0259 Perm vot\u00e7inas\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Stroqanovlardan qay\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 diqq\u0259tini \u00f6l\u0259n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259sirg\u0259m\u0259y\u0259n \u00e7ar \u0130van Vasilyevi\u00e7in \u0259mri il\u0259 bu ail\u0259y\u0259 istehkamlar qurmaq, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r salmaq, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcdafi\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri yaratmaq, yerli ostyak, samoyed, voqul v\u0259 yuqralardan muzdlu i\u015f\u00e7i v\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r tutmaq s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri verilmi\u015fdi.\u00a0 M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dqulun basq\u0131nlar\u0131ndan qorxuya d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n Stroqanovlar \u00e7ara m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259r\u0259k malikan\u0259l\u0259rinin m\u00fcdafi\u0259sini m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni h\u0259rbi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r yaratma\u011fa icaz\u0259 ist\u0259dil\u0259r v\u0259 tezlikl\u0259 bel\u0259 bir raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ald\u0131lar. Vaxtil\u0259 rus knyazlar\u0131n\u0131n z\u00fclm\u00fcnd\u0259n qa\u00e7araq, Don v\u0259 Dnepr \u00e7aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, \u0259traf \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259, Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Litva torpaqlar\u0131nda, h\u0259tta Qara d\u0259nizin Anadolu sahill\u0259rind\u0259 soy\u011fun\u00e7uluqla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmu\u015f, Moskva il\u0259 Azak v\u0259 K\u0259f\u0259 aras\u0131nda ticar\u0259t\u0259 ciddi ziyan vurmu\u015f, bir \u00e7oxu yaxalan\u0131b \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ba\u015f\u0131pozuq kazak d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259zil\u0259ri bu \u0259r\u0259f\u0259d\u0259 ataman Yermak Timofeyevi\u00e7in ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda Kama sahill\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259rg\u0259 salm\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. (Qeyd ed\u0259k ki, Yermak\u0131n t\u00fcrk-tatar m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li kazak, yaxud daha konkret \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 bir \u00e7uva\u015f olmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 iddialar \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r d\u0259 ara-s\u0131ra e\u015fidilirdi, son vaxtlar is\u0259 daha gur s\u0259sl\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259ndirilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.) Stroqanovlar\u0131n Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 muzdlu d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r y\u0131\u011fd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fid\u0259n Yermak 1577-ci ild\u0259 (dig\u0259r m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 1579-cu ild\u0259) 540 n\u0259f\u0259rlik d\u0259st\u0259si il\u0259 onlar\u0131n xidm\u0259tin\u0259 girm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t etdi. O v\u0259\u00a0 tabeliyind\u0259ki d\u0259st\u0259 ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (Mixaylov, Pan, Me\u015feryakov v\u0259 b.) rus h\u00f6kum\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u201cqanundank\u0259nar\u201d elan olunsalar da v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin ciddiliyini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alan Stroqanovlar m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r daxilind\u0259 bu \u201co\u011fru v\u0259 qa\u00e7aq-quldurlar\u0131\u201c qullu\u011fa almaqdan imtina etm\u0259dil\u0259r. Do\u011frudur, kazaklar\u0131n xidm\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 (1581-ci ilin sentyabr\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r) d\u0259 ara-s\u0131ra qar\u0259t\u00e7ilik etdikl\u0259ri m\u0259lumdur, amma onlar \u00f6z \u0259sas i\u015fl\u0259rinin \u00f6hd\u0259sind\u0259n g\u0259lm\u0259yi bacarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>1581-ci ilin iyulunda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n Stroqanovlar \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti h\u00fccumunun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131b, qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131 geri oturdan Yermak \u201cSibir sultan\u0131\u201d il\u0259 onun \u00f6z torpaqlar\u0131nda d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k fikrini ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fc v\u0259 bu fikrini ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. O, \u00c7imki (T\u00fcmen) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini z\u0259bt etdi v\u0259 orada m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nib \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u0259traf\u0131 \u0259razil\u0259ri d\u0259 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7ir\u0259r\u0259k get-ged\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131na g\u0259ldi. Bu is\u0259 faktiki olaraq Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u011frunda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xanla a\u00e7\u0131q m\u00fcharib\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flamaq anlam\u0131na g\u0259lirdi. Yermak\u0131n ideyas\u0131, \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 yoxdur ki, Stroqanovlar\u0131n t\u0259qdirini qazanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 onlar\u0131n vasit\u0259si il\u0259 Moskvada raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 1581-ci ilin sentyabr\u0131nda 3 illik m\u0259\u015fhur y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xanda Yermak Timofeyevi\u00e7in xeyli muzdlu d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fc v\u0259 toplarla t\u0259min olunmas\u0131 buna d\u0259lal\u0259t edir. Kazaklar Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ucsuz-bucaqs\u0131z torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 tutdular, \u0130sk\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini ald\u0131lar, yerli \u0259haliy\u0259 vergi k\u0259sdil\u0259r. \u018fn \u0259sas\u0131 is\u0259 Rusiya \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259n \u0130rt\u0131\u015f vadisin\u0259 yol a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Lakin t\u00fcrk tarix\u00e7il\u0259rind\u0259n Akdes Nem\u0259t Kurat v\u0259 \u018fhm\u0259d D\u0259mirin qeyd etdikl\u0259ri kimi, \u201cS\u0259rs\u0259ri ik\u0259n az bir zamanda h\u00f6kmdar s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259l\u0259n Yermak m\u00f6vqel\u0259rini m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn canl\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac duyurdu. O, Moskva \u00e7ar\u0131na el\u00e7i g\u00f6nd\u0259rib, \u0259vv\u0259lki g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onu t\u0259b\u0259\u0259liy\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259sini xahi\u015f etdi. \u00c7ar kazaklar\u0131n Sibird\u0259ki m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259r tutunca \u00e7ox sevindi v\u0259 bu m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259 Moskva kils\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259haliy\u0259 car \u00e7\u0259kdirib Rusiyaya \u201cyeni bir pad\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u201d daxil oldu\u011funu b\u00f6y\u00fck bir t\u0259nt\u0259n\u0259 il\u0259 elan etdirdi. \u00d6z s\u0259firini d\u0259 Yermak\u0131n el\u00e7isi il\u0259 birg\u0259 Sibir\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>1583-c\u00fc ilin sonlar\u0131nda Moskva h\u00f6kum\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259yin edil\u0259n cani\u015fin Bolxovski v\u0259 onun m\u00fcavini Qluxov 500-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r rus \u0259sk\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0130sk\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 daxil oldu. \u0130lk bax\u0131\u015fdan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259k olard\u0131 ki, h\u0259r \u015fey ruslar\u0131n plan\u0131na uy\u011fun gedir. \u018fslind\u0259 is\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan Yermak\u0131n ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259si, onun torpaqlar\u0131nda meydan sulamas\u0131 il\u0259 he\u00e7 c\u00fcr bar\u0131\u015fm\u0131r, kazaklara qar\u015f\u0131 aktiv m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir, g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259d\u0259n gah orda, gah burda peyda olaraq, onlara amans\u0131z z\u0259rb\u0259l\u0259r endirir, itkil\u0259r verir, lakin d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259ni\u00a0 g\u00f6z a\u00e7ma\u011fa qoymurdu. Ruslar\u0131n Sibirin i\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259rin\u0259 ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259si yerli b\u0259y v\u0259 mirz\u0259l\u0259rin, tayfa ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da m\u0259nafeyin\u0259 uy\u011fun deyildi. \u018fhali Yermakla \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131qdan b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn vasit\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 boyun qa\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kazak v\u0259 rus \u0259sk\u0259rl\u0259ri acl\u0131q \u00e7\u0259kirdil\u0259r. \u0130sk\u0259rd\u0259 x\u0259st\u0259lik ba\u015f qald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, h\u0259tta rus cani\u015fini Bolxovskinin d\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 qurtarmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi \u0259l\u0259 alan Qluxov Yermakdan t\u0259cili t\u0259dbirl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259sini t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi. 1584-c\u00fc ild\u0259 (b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 1585-ci il g\u00f6st\u0259rilir) \u0259rzaq axtarmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc n\u00f6vb\u0259ti d\u0259f\u0259 \u0259traf \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan Yermak Timofeyevi\u00e7 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n adamlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259lak edildi. Atamans\u0131z qalan kazaklar d\u0259st\u0259-d\u0259st\u0259 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131b Sibir \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259p\u0259l\u0259ndil\u0259r. V\u0259ziyy\u0259tin get-ged\u0259 pisl\u0259\u015fdiyini g\u00f6r\u0259n Qluxov da \u0130sk\u0259ri t\u0259rk edib, Moskvaya do\u011fru yol ald\u0131. Sibirin i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 ideyas\u0131 iflasa u\u011frad\u0131, xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n suverenliyi q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 b\u0259rpa olundu.<\/p>\n<p>Amma bu, yaln\u0131z ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c idi.<\/p>\n<p>H\u0259min \u0259r\u0259f\u0259d\u0259 IV \u0130van \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, onun x\u0259l\u0259fi \u00e7ar Fyodr is\u0259 Sibird\u0259ki hadis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n gec x\u0259b\u0259r tutmu\u015fdu. \u00c7ar\u0131n qayn\u0131, Moskva d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin idar\u0259\u00e7iliyini faktiki olaraq \u0259lin\u0259 alm\u0131\u015f Boris Qodunov Sibird\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259r almay\u0131nca\u00a0 1585-ci ild\u0259 oraya xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etmi\u015f tatar mirz\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n \u0130van Mansurovun r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda 100 streletsd\u0259n ibar\u0259t h\u0259rbi d\u0259st\u0259 v\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 ki\u00e7ik top g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi.\u00a0 Voyevoda Mansurov, ayd\u0131n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259dir ki, ba\u015f ver\u0259nl\u0259rd\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259rdar deyildi. V\u0259ziyy\u0259ti \u00f6yr\u0259ndikd\u0259n sonra h\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olundu\u011funu anlay\u0131b, q\u0131\u015flamaq v\u0259 Moskvadan k\u00f6m\u0259k g\u00f6zl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fimal ucqarlar\u0131na do\u011fru \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259r\u0259k, \u0130rt\u0131\u015f v\u0259 Ob \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n birl\u0259\u015fdiyi m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259d\u0259 m\u00f6vqe tutma\u011f\u0131 laz\u0131m bildi. Amma f\u0259aliyy\u0259tsiz d\u0259 qalmad\u0131. M\u00fct\u0259madi yayl\u0131m at\u0259\u015fl\u0259ri il\u0259 o vaxta q\u0259d\u0259r top gurultusu e\u015fitm\u0259mi\u015f ostyaklar\u0131 vahim\u0259y\u0259 salaraq, boyun \u0259ydirdi v\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00fccumlardan qorunmaq m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 Obski istehkam\u0131n\u0131 qurdu. \u0130mkan d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fckc\u0259 bu d\u0259f\u0259 art\u0131q \u015fimal t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259rin\u0259 do\u011fru ir\u0259lil\u0259y\u0259n Mansurovun s\u0259yl\u0259ri say\u0259sind\u0259 Sibirin ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 prosesi, \u0259slind\u0259, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn ikinci m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259m qoyurdu. Amma \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 tammiqyasl\u0131 h\u0259rbi qar\u015f\u0131durmaya girm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onun da g\u00fcc\u00fc yet\u0259rli deyildi. Bunu art\u0131q Boris Qodunov da bilir v\u0259 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Qluxovun Moskvaya \u00e7atan kimi h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u0259 verdiyi hesabatdan Mansurovun \u0259lind\u0259 olan q\u00fcvv\u0259 il\u0259 he\u00e7 n\u0259 el\u0259y\u0259 bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yi ham\u0131ya ayd\u0131n idi. a\u015fkara \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Strelets y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndan Vasili Sukin v\u0259 \u0130van Myasnoyun d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259cili \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 odlu silah, s\u00fcrsat, \u0259rzaq v\u0259 artilleriya il\u0259 t\u0259chiz olunaraq Sibir\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rildi. Onlar m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6rm\u0259d\u0259n Tura \u00e7ay\u0131 boyunca h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t ed\u0259r\u0259k q\u0259rargahlar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcmen \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259ns\u0259bind\u0259 qurdular v\u0259 1586-c\u0131 ild\u0259 onlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc il\u0259 burada ilk rus qalas\u0131 olan T\u00fcmen \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini sal\u0131nd\u0131. T\u00fcmen rus qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n istinadgah\u0131na, i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccumlar\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi. 1587-ci ild\u0259 Moskvadan buraya Daniil \u00c7ulkovun ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 500 n\u0259f\u0259rlik daha bir d\u0259st\u0259 g\u0259ldi v\u0259 onun \u0259sk\u0259rl\u0259rinin d\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 \u0130rt\u0131\u015f \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011f sahilind\u0259, Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n paytaxt\u0131ndan 16-18 kilometrlik m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 Tobolsk \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri sal\u0131nd\u0131, iki kils\u0259 v\u0259 q\u0131\u015flalar tikildi. Tezlikl\u0259 \u201cSibir ruslar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d paytaxt\u0131 v\u0259 ba\u015f q\u0259rargah\u0131 Tobolska k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1588-ci ild\u0259 Tobolsk voyevodas\u0131 Danila \u00c7ulkov \u0130sk\u0259r (Ka\u015fl\u0131k) \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 yeridi v\u0259 c\u0259mi bir ne\u00e7\u0259 ne\u00e7\u0259 saat\u0131n i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259ki tatar b\u0259yl\u0259rini \u0259sir g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcb, xan\u0131n saray\u0131n\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdi. Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7mi\u015f paytaxt\u0131 t\u0259xir\u0259 sal\u0131nmadan \u0259sk\u0259rl\u0259r v\u0259 xristian m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li \u0259sirl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u0259skunla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xana sadiq q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri t\u0259rk ed\u0259r\u0259k \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259r\u0259 \u00fcz tutdular. 1591-ci ild\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130\u015fim \u00e7ay\u0131 sahill\u0259rind\u0259 c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumat alan voyevoda V.Koltsov-Mosalski q\u0259fil h\u00fccum \u0259m\u0259liyyat\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131 v\u0259 \u00c7ilikul g\u00f6l\u00fc \u0259traf\u0131nda d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fc q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131rd\u0131. Bu q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259d\u0259n sonra c\u0259nuba s\u0131x\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n aktiv h\u00fccum m\u00f6vqeyini itirib m\u00fcdafi\u0259 olunma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. Onu t\u0259qib etm\u0259k tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan voyevoda Y.Domoj\u0131rovun d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri 1595-ci ild\u0259 xan qo\u015funlar\u0131na sars\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 z\u0259rb\u0259 endirib, onu daha bir m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259t\u0259 u\u011fratd\u0131. Art\u0131q K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 nisbi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u0259 nail olunmu\u015fdu.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcmen v\u0259 Tobolsk \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin qurulmas\u0131 il\u0259 rus qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n Sibird\u0259ki istila\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q taktikas\u0131 da d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259r\u0259k, \u015f\u0259h\u0259r-qala \u00fcsulu il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259ndi. Art\u0131q ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri s\u00fcr\u0259kli h\u00fccum v\u0259 y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r yolu il\u0259 deyil, t\u0259drici yolla, \u00e7aylar v\u0259 hakim y\u00fcks\u0259klikl\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qalalar qurub daimi qarnizonlar yerl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259kl\u0259 z\u0259bt edilirdi. Bu, h\u0259m orduda t\u0259l\u0259fat\u0131 minimuma endirm\u0259y\u0259, h\u0259m b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 rus k\u00f6\u00e7k\u00fcnl\u0259rini, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015f pol\u015fal\u0131 v\u0259 litval\u0131 \u0259sirl\u0259ri yerl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 qazan\u0131lan h\u0259rbi q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rin dayan\u0131ql\u0131 olmas\u0131na imkan yarad\u0131rd\u0131. \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, Boris Qodunovun i\u015fl\u0259yib haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni h\u0259rbi taktikaya \u0259sas\u0259n, ruslar art\u0131q \u0259m\u0259liyyat \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc birba\u015fa v\u0259 irimiqyasl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131q meydan sava\u015flar\u0131nda deyil, r\u0259qibi q\u0131snamaq v\u0259 yorub \u0259ld\u0259n salmaq taktikas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r.<\/p>\n<p>1590-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Sibird\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q siyas\u0259tinin h\u0259rbi bazas\u0131 rolunu oynayan qalalardan b\u00fct\u00f6v bir \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdu. Lozvinsk (1590), Pel\u0131m (1592-1593), , Beryozov (1593), Surqut (1594) qalalar\u0131 tikil\u0259n kimi burada\u00a0 qarnizonlar yerl\u0259\u015fdirildi. Obdorsk (1595) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rciyi, \u0259sas\u0259n, ostyak v\u0259 samoyedl\u0259rd\u0259n yasaqlar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 bu i\u015fin m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Sadalanan v\u0259 el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 sonradan sal\u0131nan Tara (1595), Verxoturye (1598), Turinsk (1600), Tomsk (1604) v\u0259 b. \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r co\u011frafi bax\u0131mdan Sibird\u0259 rus h\u0259rbi t\u0259cav\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t trayektoriyas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259yani \u0259ks etdirirdi. O da qeyd olunmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, Sibird\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rsalma i\u015fi y\u00fcks\u0259k d\u0259qiqlikl\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259nilmi\u015f vahid plan \u0259sas\u0131nda apar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r, ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 ya h\u0259rbi-inzibati, ya da ticar\u0259t-s\u0259naye m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri olmal\u0131, h\u0259r bir halda \u201cd\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lir g\u0259tirm\u0259li idi\u201d. Bununla birlikd\u0259 h\u0259r bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 ya istehkam konkret funksiyalar da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259r\u0259 xidm\u0259t edirdi. Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, Ufa \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri 1586-c\u0131 ild\u0259 qurulanda rus qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 piyadalar\u0131n, habel\u0259 \u201cyam\u201d (po\u00e7t) \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259rinin s\u00fcr\u0259tli v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259sinin t\u0259min olunmas\u0131 v\u0259zif\u0259sin\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Lozva \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015f Lozvin istehkam\u0131nda is\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259rin b\u00f6\u015fald\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 yola sal\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259ri h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcml\u0259 v\u0259 Rusiyan\u0131n Sibird\u0259ki planlar\u0131n\u0131 pozmaqda q\u0259rarl\u0131 olan yerli feodallarla m\u00fcbariz\u0259nin son m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259m qoymas\u0131 bu istiqam\u0259td\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin vahid m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259n idar\u0259 edilm\u0259si z\u0259rur\u0259ti yarad\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ar\u0131n \u0259mri il\u0259 ordu komandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f q\u0259rargah\u0131 Tobolskdan c\u0259nubda, Tara \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n \u0130rt\u0131\u015fla qovu\u015fdu\u011fu yerd\u0259 m\u0259hz bu c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n strateji m\u0259rk\u0259z rolu oynayacaq yeni bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sinin\u00a0 m\u00fczakir\u0259sin\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Ad\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 tikil\u0259c\u0259yi \u00e7ay\u0131n ad\u0131ndan alan Tara \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin sal\u0131nmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda yekdil q\u0259rar aktiv diskussiya v\u0259 fikir m\u00fcbadil\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 kollegial \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 al\u0131nd\u0131. Sibirin c\u0259nubuna yolun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda, Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda v\u0259 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xanla m\u00fcharib\u0259nin ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 onun r\u0259hb\u0259rliyin\u0259 h\u0259lledici rol ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fck ki, Taran\u0131n yaranma tarix\u00e7\u0259si haqq\u0131nda bir q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259trafl\u0131 b\u0259hs olunmas\u0131 oxucular\u0131 yormaz.<\/p>\n<p>1593-c\u00fc ilin sonlar\u0131nda Volqa m\u00fcdafi\u0259 x\u0259ttind\u0259 polk komandiri olan Andrey Vasilyevi\u00e7 Yeletski t\u0259cili \u0259mrl\u0259 Moskvaya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. Kremld\u0259 ona planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan Tara ekspedisiyas\u0131na r\u0259hb\u0259rlik etm\u0259k t\u0259klif olundu. T\u0259klifi qeyd-\u015f\u0259rtsiz q\u0259bul ed\u0259n Yeletski qar\u015f\u0131dak\u0131 ekspedisiyan\u0131n plan\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f oldu. Planda t\u0259z\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas mal-materiallar\u0131n su yolu il\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin m\u0259rk\u0259zi rayonlar\u0131ndan g\u0259tirilm\u0259si n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulurdu. Y\u00fckl\u0259rin da\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 mar\u015frut da m\u0259lum idi. Ekspedisiyaya ged\u0259c\u0259k qo\u015funun say\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259rkibi, r\u0259hb\u0259r hey\u0259tin siyah\u0131s\u0131 is\u0259 onun i\u015ftirak\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirildi. Yeletski r\u0259hb\u0259r hey\u0259tl\u0259, mal-material g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259c\u0259k rayonlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 il\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r apar\u0131r, b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olurdu. 1594-c\u00fc ilin q\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 147 n\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t ilk d\u0259st\u0259ni (bu, 1500 n\u0259f\u0259rlik ekspedisiyan\u0131n n\u00fcv\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi) Moskvadan Kazan mar\u015frutu \u00fczr\u0259 Sibir\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259n ba\u015f voyevoda \u00e7ox ke\u00e7m\u0259d\u0259n \u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259r \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rl\u0259 yola d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. Yeletskinin h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t mar\u015frutu el\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdu ki, o, mallar\u0131n n\u0259ql edil\u0259c\u0259yi yerl\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7ir, v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259 \u015f\u0259xs\u0259n tan\u0131\u015f olur, bax\u0131\u015flar, yoxlamalar ke\u00e7irirdi. Lozvind\u0259 olanda art\u0131q y\u00fczl\u0259rl\u0259 pud a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bar\u0131tv\u0259 qur\u011fu\u015funun, 20 topun yola sal\u0131nma\u011fa haz\u0131r oldu\u011fu haqda m\u0259lumat alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Habel\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Ustyuqdan 32 ton un, Vyatkadan bir ne\u00e7\u0259 y\u00fcz kis\u0259 suxar\u0131, Permd\u0259n minl\u0259rl\u0259 mi\u015far v\u0259 balta Lozvin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015fdi. Kazandan ba\u015flayaraq (Ufada, T\u00fcmend\u0259, Tobolskda) voyevodan\u0131n d\u0259st\u0259sin\u0259 h\u0259rbi b\u00f6l\u00fckl\u0259r, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif pe\u015f\u0259 ustalar\u0131 (\u0259sas\u0259n d\u00fclg\u0259rl\u0259r), ruhanil\u0259r d\u0259 qo\u015fulmu\u015fdu.<\/p>\n<p>Tezlikl\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer\u0259 \u00e7atan ekspedisiya hey\u0259tind\u0259 h\u0259r k\u0259s \u00f6z i\u015fini bildiyind\u0259n, v\u0259zif\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n apar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan vaxt itirm\u0259d\u0259n in\u015faata \u00a0ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. S\u0259rt nizam-intizam \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u0259sk\u0259r v\u0259 zabitl\u0259r gec\u0259-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz i\u015fl\u0259mi\u015f, n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 \u015faxtalar d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r tikilm\u0259li \u0259sas obyektl\u0259r t\u0259hvil verilmi\u015fdi. \u00c7ox \u015feyi voyevoda Yeletckinin idar\u0259\u00e7ilik v\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q bacar\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0259ll etmi\u015fdi. Y\u0259qin ki, burada Yeletskinin \u015f\u0259xsind\u0259 oxucuya voyevoda anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda q\u0131sa bilgi verilm\u0259si d\u0259 yerin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259r. \u00c7\u00fcnki o\u00e7erkl\u0259rin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131ndan indiy\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r bir \u00e7ox voyevodalar xat\u0131rlansa da (qar\u015f\u0131da da xat\u0131rlanacaq), bu \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin v\u0259zif\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda s\u00f6z a\u00e7mamaq m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n anla\u015f\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7a bil\u0259r. \u018fks\u0259riyy\u0259tinin ad\u0131 yaln\u0131z h\u0259rbi \u0259m\u0259liyyatlarla \u0259laq\u0259dar \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n bu adamlar\u0131n \u201cki\u00e7ik komandirl\u0259r\u201d kimi tan\u0131nmas\u0131 aldad\u0131c\u0131 bir t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr olard\u0131. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259, voyevodalar\u0131n \u0259n \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259si konkret bir h\u0259rbi hiss\u0259y\u0259, istekama, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rciy\u0259 komandanl\u0131q etm\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. Bu, \u015f\u0259ksizdir. Lakin \u201cvoyevoda idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bununla m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131r, dislokasiya yerind\u0259 (kazarma, istehkam, \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 s.) qayda-qanunun t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131, \u0259sk\u0259rl\u0259rin v\u0259 burada m\u0259skunla\u015fan dig\u0259r sakinl\u0259rin silah, s\u00fcrsat, yem\u0259k, geyim v\u0259 yatacaqla t\u0259chiz edilm\u0259sini, yasaqlar\u0131n toplanmas\u0131na n\u0259zar\u0259ti, ita\u0259tsizlikd\u0259, \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131qda, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif cinay\u0259t \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259 qanun pozuntular\u0131nda \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259li bilin\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin v\u0259 m\u00fcq\u0259ssirl\u0259rin m\u00fchakim\u0259 olunub c\u0259zaland\u0131rlmas\u0131 v\u0259 bu tipli onlarla funksional v\u0259zif\u0259 v\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t d\u0259 h\u0259min anlay\u0131\u015fa daxildir. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r voyevodalar\u0131 h\u0259m d\u0259 \u0259traf \u0259razil\u0259rin asayi\u015fin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, A.Yeletskini Taran\u0131n h\u0259m memar\u0131 v\u0259 qurucusu, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00fcdafi\u0259\u00e7isi v\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fcn geni\u015f m\u0259nas\u0131nda hakimi hesab ed\u0259n tarix\u00e7il\u0259r yan\u0131lm\u0131rlar. Sibird\u0259 yeni sal\u0131nan dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin voyevodalar\u0131 da el\u0259c\u0259. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, Yeletskinin \u015f\u0259xsind\u0259 ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, Sibir \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 istehkamlar aras\u0131nda m\u0259saf\u0259nin uzaql\u0131\u011f\u0131, daim h\u00fccuma m\u0259ruz qalma t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmaqla xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 prosesl\u0259rind\u0259 ilk voyevodalar h\u0259lledici rola malik olmu\u015flar (t\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, buradak\u0131 rus \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 istehkamlar\u0131na biri \u0259v\u0259zedici v\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k\u00e7i olmaq \u015f\u0259rti il\u0259 iki voyevoda t\u0259yin edilirdi).<\/p>\n<p>Tara \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n qo\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n z\u0259rb\u0259 m\u00f6vqeyind\u0259, onlarla birba\u015fa t\u0259mas x\u0259ttind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015firdi. Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son qoymaq-t\u0259krar edirik ki, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin sal\u0131nma m\u0259qs\u0259di idi. Do\u011frudur, 1594-c\u00fc ild\u0259 A.Yeletskini q\u0259bul ed\u0259rk\u0259n Boris Qodunov K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan v\u0259 \u201conunla \u0259lbir olan k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri tayfa ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131\u201d, n\u00fcfuzlu feodallarla m\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259l\u0259lik s\u00fclh yolu il\u0259 h\u0259ll edilm\u0259sini, silaha yaln\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn dinc vasit\u0259ll\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259y\u0259nd\u0259 \u0259l at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. O, \u00a0Buxara v\u0259 Yark\u0259nd kimi M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiya \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 ticar\u0259t \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rinin yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 z\u0259rur\u0259tini xat\u0131rladaraq, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xanla \u015feybanil\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 isti m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri x\u00fcsusi vur\u011fulam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Birc\u0259 il sonra is\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin d\u0259yi\u015fdiyini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. Art\u0131q Tara voyevodas\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xanla m\u00fcbariz\u0259ni g\u00fccl\u0259ndirm\u0259k v\u0259 sona \u00e7atd\u0131rmaq v\u0259zif\u0259si qoyulmu\u015fdu. (Bu zaman Andrey Yeletski Taradan Moskvaya y\u00fcks\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirilmi\u015f, onun yerin\u0259 is\u0259 \u0259misi o\u011flu Fyodr Yeletski t\u0259yin edilmi\u015fdi.)<\/p>\n<p>\u018fsas t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259nin Tara istiqam\u0259tind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yini yax\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan ruslar\u0131 qabaqlamaq m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 1595-ci ild\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck o\u011flu \u018flini yeni \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin c\u0259mi 40 verstliyind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Ayal\u0131n volostuna basq\u0131na g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi. Ayal\u0131n tatarlar\u0131 yasaq \u00f6d\u0259diyind\u0259n onlar\u0131 qorumaq \u015f\u0259h\u0259r voyevodal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birba\u015fa v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n idi. Qriqori Yas\u0131r\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q etdiyi b\u00f6l\u00fck \u018flini geri oturtdu. H\u0259min ilin yay\u0131nda Ku\u00e7um\u00fcn Qara \u015f\u0259h\u0259rciy\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi d\u0259st\u0259nin d\u0259 aqib\u0259ti eyni c\u00fcr oldu. 1595-ci ilin q\u0131\u015f\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n Tunus istehkam\u0131nda oldu\u011funu e\u015fid\u0259n F.Yeletski onun \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 467 n\u0259f\u0259rlik qo\u015fun g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi. Q\u0131sa m\u00fchasir\u0259d\u0259n sonra \u015f\u0259h\u0259rcik al\u0131nsa da K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131. Bu zaman Moskvadan tatarlar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 xanla dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar apar\u0131lmas\u0131na dair tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131q g\u0259ldi. \u00c7ar Fyodrun \u201cqramota\u201ds\u0131nda deyilirdi: \u201cH\u00f6kmdar K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131 \u00f6z himay\u0259sin\u0259 alma\u011f\u0131, onun o\u011flu Ablayk\u0259rim\u0259 v\u0259 yax\u0131n adamlar\u0131na l\u00fctf g\u00f6st\u0259rib maa\u015f k\u0259sm\u0259yi t\u0259klif edir\u201d. Lakiin K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan bu t\u0259klifi d\u0259 q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 r\u0259dd etdi v\u0259 noqaylardan h\u0259rbi d\u0259st\u0259k ist\u0259m\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131na g\u0259ldi. Onun yolunu ba\u011flamaq v\u0259 noqaylarla \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini k\u0259sm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 1596-c\u0131 ild\u0259n gec olmayaraq kazaklardan v\u0259 Ayal\u0131n tatarlar\u0131ndan ibar\u0259t 112 n\u0259f\u0259rlik d\u0259st\u0259nin 6 g\u0259mi il\u0259 \u0130rt\u0131\u015f \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n yuxar\u0131 axarlar\u0131nda n\u00f6vb\u0259 \u00e7\u0259km\u0259si d\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur. Xan da bo\u015f oturmurdu. \u00a0Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259t\u0259 u\u011framas\u0131na baxmayaraq, 1597-ci ild\u0259 o, q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rini s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rliy\u0259 al\u0131b Taran\u0131 tutma\u011fa c\u0259hd g\u00f6st\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259, h\u00fccumu n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259mi\u015fdi. Ruslara qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259sini sona q\u0259d\u0259r davam etdirm\u0259y\u0259 and i\u00e7m\u0259sin\u0259 r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00fcc\u00fc get-ged\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259yirdi. 1598-ci il avqustun 20-d\u0259 onun ail\u0259si v\u0259 yax\u0131n adamlar\u0131 il\u0259 Ob \u00e7ay\u0131 il\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 etm\u0259si x\u0259b\u0259rini alan Tara voyevodas\u0131\u00a0 Andrey Voyeykov Dnepr kazaklar\u0131ndan, Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Litva \u0259sirl\u0259rind\u0259n (onlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti pe\u015f\u0259kar h\u0259rb\u00e7il\u0259r idi) ibar\u0259t q\u00fcvv\u0259nin d\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 \u00e7ay sahilind\u0259ki Ormen \u00e7\u0259m\u0259nliyind\u0259 Sibir qo\u015funlar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 \u201cson v\u0259 q\u0259ti\u201d h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di. Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r nisb\u0259ti t\u0259qrib\u0259n b\u0259rab\u0259r olsa da ruslar odlu silahlara v\u0259 artilleriyaya malik idil\u0259r. El\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn taleyini d\u0259 texniki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck h\u0259ll etdi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n ordas\u0131\u00a0 ilk h\u0259ml\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131b p\u0259r\u0259n-p\u0259r\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc, ail\u0259 \u00fczvl\u0259ri v\u0259 yax\u0131n adamlar\u0131 \u0259sir g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, \u00f6z\u00fc is\u0259 g\u00fccl\u0259 qa\u00e7\u0131b can\u0131n\u0131 qurtard\u0131. (Maraql\u0131d\u0131r ki, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn son d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Buxara hakimi II Abdullah xan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm tarixi il\u0259 \u00fcst-\u00fcst\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, \u015feybani xan\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 art\u0131q K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xana k\u00f6m\u0259k \u0259li uzatmaq iqtidar\u0131nda deyilmi\u015f.)<\/p>\n<p>\u018fb\u00fclqazi Bahad\u0131r xan\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 40 illik h\u00f6kmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131qdan sonra Buxaraya gedib, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son ill\u0259rini manq\u0131tlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u0259ri d\u0259 tutulubmu\u015f. Bel\u0259 bir r\u0259vay\u0259t d\u0259 var ki, ona Moskvaya g\u0259lib \u00e7ar Fyodr \u0130vanovi\u00e7in xidm\u0259tin\u0259 girm\u0259k t\u0259klif olunsa da K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan raz\u0131l\u0131q verm\u0259yib. \u0130\u015f\u011fal prosesl\u0259ri ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131qdan sonra Sibir \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 Kazan Prikaz\u0131na tabe edilmi\u015f, 1637-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil Sibir Prikaz\u0131 t\u0259sis olunmu\u015fdu.<\/p>\n<p>Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n nominal s\u00fcqutuna g\u0259linc\u0259, bu haqda tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda iki fikir var. Hakim q\u0259na\u0259t bundan ibar\u0259tdir ki, 1598-ci ild\u0259n sonra Sibir taxt\u0131na K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n o\u011flu \u018fli ke\u00e7mi\u015f, 1604-c\u00fc il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r Q\u0259rbi Sibir \u0259razil\u0259rini dola\u015faraq hakimiyy\u0259tini b\u0259rpa etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yollar v\u0259 m\u00fctt\u0259fiql\u0259r axtarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1604-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n \u018flinin 1612-ci ild\u0259 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc \u0259sirlikd\u0259 ba\u015fa vurmas\u0131 il\u0259 Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na faktiki olaraq son qoyulmu\u015fdur. \u00c7\u00fcnki art\u0131q taxta real iddia\u00e7\u0131 qalmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bel\u0259 ki, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn ki\u00e7ik o\u011flu, 12 ya\u015fl\u0131 Altanay 1608-ci ild\u0259 tutularaq Moskvaya g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015fdi. \u018fli xan\u0131n 1598-ci ild\u0259 \u0259sir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f o\u011flu Arslan da ruslar\u0131n \u0259lind\u0259 idi. (M\u0259lumdur ki, Arslan\u0131 Qas\u0131m \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n rus \u00e7ar\u0131 h\u0259tta 1614-c\u00fc ild\u0259 onu Qas\u0131mov xan\u0131 elan etmi\u015fdir.) \u0130kinci versiya is\u0259 V.Trepavlova m\u0259xsusdur. Onun fikrinc\u0259, ataman Yermak\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan \u00f6z taxt\u0131n\u0131 o\u011flu \u018fliy\u0259 verib hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015f, amma el\u0259 h\u0259min 1585-ci ild\u0259 \u018fli, taybu\u011falardan Seyid \u018fhm\u0259d t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n taxtdan endirilmi\u015fdir. Seyid \u018fhm\u0259din hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 is\u0259 1587, yaxud 1588-ci ild\u0259 voyevoda D.\u00c7ulkovun streletsl\u0259ri son qoymu\u015f, onu \u0259sir alm\u0131\u015f, isk\u0259r (Ka\u015fl\u0131k) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini is\u0259 yand\u0131r\u0131b k\u00fcl\u0259 d\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015fl\u0259r.<\/p>\n<p>H\u0259r bir halda XVI \u0259srin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Rusiyan\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Sibir torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 bir mane\u0259 qalmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bundan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n ruslar Sibirin d\u0259rinlikl\u0259rin\u0259 do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 ir\u0259lil\u0259dil\u0259r v\u0259 \u201cKazan xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131ndan he\u00e7 30 il ke\u00e7m\u0259mi\u015f Rusiyan\u0131n \u015f\u0259rq s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rini bir h\u0259ml\u0259d\u0259 min kilometrd\u0259n d\u0259 art\u0131q geni\u015fl\u0259ndirdil\u0259r. T\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n z\u0259ngin gu\u015f\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n olan Sibir \u00f6lk\u0259si \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131na ke\u00e7di. 1628-ci ild\u0259 t\u00fcrk m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li qazax boylar\u0131, 1632-ci ild\u0259n sonra yakutlar, 1648-ci ild\u0259 buryatlar v\u0259 tunqus-evenkl\u0259r rus t\u0259b\u0259\u0259liyini q\u0259bul etm\u0259li oldular. Baykal g\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evr\u0259sini d\u0259 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7ir\u0259n (1648-1665) ruslar 1689-cu ild\u0259 \u00e7inlil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, n\u0259hay\u0259t, dayand\u0131r\u0131lsalar da 1601-1683-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 qazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f h\u0259rbi u\u011furlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti t\u00fcrk-m\u00fcs\u0259lman q\u00f6vl\u0259rin\u0259 m\u0259xsus milyonlarla kvadrat kilometrlik geni\u015f bir \u0259razini i\u015f\u011fal etm\u0259y\u0259 nail oldular\u201d (A.N.Kurat, \u018f.D\u0259mir).<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ar h\u00f6kum\u0259ti Sibirin t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rini acg\u00f6zl\u00fckl\u0259 m\u0259nims\u0259mi\u015f, bir \u00e7ox t\u00fck\u0259n\u0259n ehtiyatlar, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n, beyn\u0259lxalq bazarlarda q\u0131z\u0131l qiym\u0259tin\u0259 al\u0131n\u0131b-sat\u0131lan samur x\u0259zi amans\u0131zcas\u0131na istismar edilmi\u015fdi. Sibir aborigenl\u0259ri samurun d\u0259risini z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259m\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onu oxla vurur, yaxud da x\u00fcsusi t\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 tuturdular. Tobolsk v\u0259 Taran\u0131n sal\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra rus voyevodalar\u0131 \u0130rt\u0131\u015f sahill\u0259rind\u0259 ya\u015fayan \u0259hali qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yasa\u011f\u0131 samur d\u0259risi il\u0259 \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259k t\u0259l\u0259bi qoydular. Bu t\u0259l\u0259b 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndan 50 ya\u015f\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn ki\u015fi \u0259haliy\u0259 aid edilirdi. Rus hakimiyy\u0259ti m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndikc\u0259 yasa\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Art\u0131q XVII \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 samur yasa\u011f\u0131 art\u0131q Sibir q\u0259zalar\u0131nda bu heyvan\u0131n t\u0259bii art\u0131m s\u00fcr\u0259tini \u00fcst\u0259l\u0259mi\u015fdi. Bir \u00e7ox yerl\u0259rd\u0259 art\u0131q samur ovlamaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u00fcz say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. 1720-ci ill\u0259rin sonunda Tara q\u0259zas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan tatarlar bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u201cyasaq \u00fcsyan\u0131\u201dna qalxm\u0131d\u0131lar. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 samurun azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131naraq, yasa\u011f\u0131n b\u0259bir, t\u00fclk\u00fc, h\u0259tta d\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259risi il\u0259 \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259 icaz\u0259 verilmi\u015fdi. \u018fsrin sonlar\u0131nda is\u0259 \u00e7ar f\u0259rman\u0131 il\u0259 samur ovlanmas\u0131 tamamil\u0259 qada\u011fan edilmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>N.MUSTAFA<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c7AR\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130\u015e\u011eAL\u00c7ILIQ S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130 \u00dcMUMT\u00dcRK TAR\u0130X\u0130 KONTEKST\u0130ND\u018f-Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 (tarixi-etnoqrafik o\u00e7erkl\u0259r) S\u00a0 \u0130\u00a0 B\u00a0 \u0130\u00a0 R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00a0 A\u00a0 N\u00a0 L\u00a0 I\u00a0 \u011e\u00a0 I Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f rus tarix\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 V.V.Poxlyobkinin m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00fcmumi tarix \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259, d\u0259rslik v\u0259 d\u0259rs v\u0259saitl\u0259rind\u0259, habel\u0259 populyar \u0259d\u0259biyyatda Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumatlar bir qayda olaraq K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015f\u0131r. D\u00fczg\u00fcn q\u0259na\u0259tdir. V\u0259 bu, h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u00f6nc\u0259 Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t kimi formala\u015fmas\u0131, m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini qorumaq u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmas\u0131 v\u0259 s\u00fcquta u\u011framas\u0131 prosesl\u0259rinin K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n t\u0259qrib\u0259n 40 illik (1563-1598) hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf etm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Eyni&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":516662,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"gutentor_comment":0,"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905.jpg",975,540,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905.jpg",975,540,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905.jpg",975,540,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905-500x280.jpg",500,280,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905-660x365.jpg",660,365,true],"large":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905-840x465.jpg",640,354,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905.jpg",975,540,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905.jpg",975,540,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905-240x172.jpg",240,172,true],"advps-thumb-one":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/77f959f1166395689274628189010869905.jpg",975,540,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"V\u00fcsal Rafiqo\u011flu","author_link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?author=2"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?cat=1\" rel=\"category\">C\u0259miyy\u0259t<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"\u00c7AR\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130\u015e\u011eAL\u00c7ILIQ S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130 \u00dcMUMT\u00dcRK TAR\u0130X\u0130 KONTEKST\u0130ND\u018f-Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 ondan t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259 tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 (tarixi-etnoqrafik o\u00e7erkl\u0259r) S\u00a0 \u0130\u00a0 B\u00a0 \u0130\u00a0 R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00a0 A\u00a0 N\u00a0 L\u00a0 I\u00a0 \u011e\u00a0 I Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f rus tarix\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 V.V.Poxlyobkinin m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00fcmumi tarix \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259, d\u0259rslik v\u0259 d\u0259rs v\u0259saitl\u0259rind\u0259, habel\u0259 populyar \u0259d\u0259biyyatda Sibir xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumatlar bir qayda olaraq K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcm xan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015f\u0131r.&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/516661"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=516661"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/516661\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/516662"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=516661"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=516661"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=516661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}