{"id":534108,"date":"2022-11-11T21:10:19","date_gmt":"2022-11-11T18:10:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=534108"},"modified":"2022-11-11T21:10:19","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T18:10:19","slug":"susa-qalasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=534108","title":{"rendered":"\u015eU\u015eA QALASI"},"content":{"rendered":"

XVIII \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Qafqaz xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 \u0259r\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi memarl\u0131q m\u0259kt\u0259binin Nax\u00e7\u0131van, G\u0259nc\u0259, \u015eamax\u0131 kimi iri m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 idi. Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n ki\u00e7ik \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 bu memarl\u0131q m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri \u00f6z t\u0259sir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc itirdi. Yeni paytaxt \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin saraylar, qalalar v\u0259 qalalar tikintisin\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 var idi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 feodallaryerli k\u0259nd memarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin tikintisin\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur oldular. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu memarlar XVIII \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda Az\u0259rbaycanda sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f yeni \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na m\u00fch\u00fcm t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fl\u0259r. Bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin \u0259sas tikilil\u0259ri monumentall\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmamas\u0131 v\u0259 tikinti materiallar\u0131n\u0131n yax\u015f\u0131 yonulmu\u015f da\u015f olmamas\u0131 il\u0259 xarakteriz\u0259 olunur ki, bu da x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Orta \u0259srl\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fc tikilil\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur .<\/p>\n

Eyni zamanda, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131 prosesin\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 tan\u0131nmayan memarlar\u0131n c\u0259lb edilm\u0259si b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u0259 malik idi: onlar yerli tikinti materiallar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r tan\u0131\u015f idil\u0259r v\u0259 tikintid\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259tbiqi haqq\u0131nda m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259lumata malik idil\u0259r. Yeni \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00f6hn\u0259 memarl\u0131q m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rinin \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rini xalq memarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirdil\u0259r. Bu d\u00f6vr\u00fcn \u0259n maraql\u0131 sintezl\u0259ri \u015e\u0259ki v\u0259 Qaraba\u011f xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n

\u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0259m yer se\u00e7imi, h\u0259m struktur planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 qalan\u0131n b\u0259dii g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bax\u0131m\u0131ndan feodal d\u00f6vr\u00fc memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas prinsipl\u0259rini \u0259ks etdirir. \u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n tikintisin\u0259 1753-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 C\u0259nubi Qafqazda siyasi birliyin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 xanl\u0131qlar quruldu. Qaraba\u011f xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n banisi P\u0259nah\u0259li\u00a0 xan Qafqaz da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n zirv\u0259sind\u0259 \u015eu\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoymu\u015fdur.\u00a0\u00a0 P\u0259nah\u0259li xan\u00a0 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin \u0259razisind\u0259 al\u0131nmaz m\u00fcdafi\u0259 tikilil\u0259rinin ucald\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 planla\u015fd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Onlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc, formas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259qs\u0259di f\u0259rqli oldu\u011funa g\u00f6r\u0259\u00a0 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u00a0 qalalar\u0131n olmas\u0131 t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc deyil.<\/p>\n

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\u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n ba\u015fqa h\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n s\u0131x me\u015f\u0259 il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015f, relyefi yar\u011fanlarla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Bel\u0259 ki, onun divarlar\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u0259r\u0259 malikdir. Relyefd\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259yi\u015fiklik olan yerl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fctl\u0259q qala divarlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259si il\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259n m\u00fcdafi\u0259 q\u00fcll\u0259si ucald\u0131ld\u0131. Q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 hiss\u0259l\u0259r d\u00fcz bir formaya malik idi, bu da at\u0259\u015f zaman\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259ni art\u0131rd\u0131. Qalan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 qap\u0131s\u0131 var idi: \u015fimalda \u0259sas v\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u00fc olan G\u0259nc\u0259 G\u0259nc\u0259 qap\u0131s\u0131, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 A\u011fo\u011flan qap\u0131s\u0131, q\u0259rbd\u0259 is\u0259 \u0130r\u0259van qap\u0131s\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

Yeni qalan\u0131n el\u0259 bir yerd\u0259idi ki, onun bir t\u0259r\u0259fi elatlarla \u0259laq\u0259 saxlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131q olur, h\u0259m d\u0259 P\u0259nah \u018fli xana onun n\u0259zar\u0259tind\u0259 olan mahallarla \u0259laq\u0259 saxlamaq imkan\u0131 veriridi.<\/p>\n

\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y Cavan\u015fir s\u00f6zl\u0259ri il\u0259 des\u0259k\u201d \u015eimal-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n \u015eu\u015faya baxandam\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m qala divarlar\u0131 v\u0259 q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259ri olan s\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m qayalar siz\u0259 ba\u015f tacl\u0131 \u0259fsan\u0259vi n\u0259h\u0259ngl\u0259ri xat\u0131rlad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n tikintisi zaman\u0131 memar \u0259sas\u0259n yerli relyefi n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r v\u0259\u00a0\u00a0 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u015eu\u015fan\u0131n m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259si qala divarlar\u0131n\u0131n x\u0259ttini dikt\u0259 etmi\u015f v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn bu divarlar\u0131n h\u00fcdudlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etmi\u015fdir. \u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259ri divarlar\u0131n s\u0259thind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r v\u0259 h\u0259tta dem\u0259k olar ki, onlar\u0131n divarlardan k\u0259narda tikildiyini s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259k olar ki, bu da divarlar\u0131n yax\u015f\u0131 qorunmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n

\u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n qala divarlar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu 2,5 kilometrdir. Onlar \u0259h\u0259ngl\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f da\u015flardan d\u00fcz\u0259ldilmi\u015fdir. M\u00fcdafi\u0259 q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259ri dair\u0259vi idi. Tarix\u00e7il\u0259rin fikrinc\u0259, P\u0259nah\u0259li xan\u0131n v\u0259fat\u0131ndan sonra qalan\u0131n sonrak\u0131 tikintisind\u0259 onun o\u011flu da i\u015ftirak etmi\u015fdir. Lakin bel\u0259 bir fikir var ki, o, bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni ad\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n birinci v\u0259ziri \u2013 Molla P\u0259nah Vaqif\u0259 h\u0259val\u0259 edilmi\u015f v\u0259 1783-1784-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq i\u015fl\u0259r apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Qalan\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259li qoyuldu\u011fu d\u00f6vrd\u0259n \u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131 XIX \u0259srin ortalar\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r davaml\u0131 olaraq yenid\u0259n qurulmu\u015f v\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilmi\u015fdir. \u0130brahimx\u0259lil xan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 (1763-1806) Qaraba\u011f xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Rusiya imperiyas\u0131na birl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra \u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n istehkam\u0131 geni\u015fl\u0259ndirildi. XIX \u0259srd\u0259 qalan\u0131n yenid\u0259n qurulmas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirilm\u0259si prosesi zaman\u0131 onun ilkin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc qism\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fdirilmi\u015f, qalaya yeni m\u00fcdafi\u0259 q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259lav\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir.\u00a0\u00a0Vasili Vere\u015f\u015faqinin ”\u00a0Dramatik oyunun sonu<\/em>\u00a0” tablosunda fonda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n \u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal divarlar\u0131n\u0131n q\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259ri \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259vv\u0259lki planlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kimi dair\u0259vi deyil, prizmatik formadad\u0131r.\u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l incil\u0259rind\u0259n biridir. Qala Arran memarl\u0131q m\u0259kt\u0259bi \u00fcslubunda in\u015fa edilib.<\/p>\n

1980-ci ill\u0259rin sonlar\u0131nda Erm\u0259nistan\u0131n Az\u0259rbaycana qar\u015f\u0131 \u0259razi iddias\u0131 q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259n sonra respublikam\u0131za qar\u015f\u0131 h\u0259rbi t\u0259cav\u00fczl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi. Erm\u0259nil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0259razil\u0259rimiz i\u015f\u011fal olunurdu. O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 respublikam\u0131zda qeyri-sabitliyin, anarxiyan\u0131n, hakimiyy\u0259t u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259nin h\u00f6km s\u00fcrm\u0259si \u015eu\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin d\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal olunmas\u0131 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sini yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Milli Ordu formala\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u00fcks\u0259k h\u0259rbi-strateji \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u015eu\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin m\u00fcdafi\u0259sind\u0259 yaln\u0131z k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcdafi\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri i\u015ftirak edirdil\u0259r. Lakin onlar\u0131n q\u0259hr\u0259mancas\u0131na d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 layiqli m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 baxmayaraq, t\u0259p\u0259d\u0259n d\u0131rna\u011fad\u0259k silahlanm\u0131\u015f Erm\u0259nistan silahl\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri 1992-ci il may\u0131n 8-d\u0259 \u015eu\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini i\u015f\u011fal etdi. Erm\u0259ni vandallar\u0131 i\u015f\u011fal vaxt\u0131 minl\u0259rl\u0259 eksponat\u0131n oldu\u011fu muzeyl\u0259ri talan etdil\u0259r, y\u00fczl\u0259rl\u0259 tarixi-m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t abid\u0259sini da\u011f\u0131td\u0131lar. 2020-ci sentyabr\u0131n 27-d\u0259 ba\u015flayan v\u0259 44 g\u00fcn davam ed\u0259n V\u0259t\u0259n m\u00fcharib\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal alt\u0131nda olan torpaqlar\u0131m\u0131z, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n \u015eu\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri erm\u0259ni i\u015f\u011fal\u0131ndan azad olundu. M\u00fcz\u0259ff\u0259r Ali Ba\u015f Komandan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi il\u0259 \u015fanl\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan Ordusu bununla da tarix yazd\u0131. 2020-ci ilin noyabr\u0131n 8-d\u0259 m\u00fcz\u0259ff\u0259r Ali Ba\u015f Komandan, Prezident \u0130lham \u018fliyev Az\u0259rbaycan xalq\u0131na m\u00fcraci\u0259tind\u0259 \u015eu\u015fan\u0131n i\u015f\u011faldan azad olunmas\u0131 m\u00fcjd\u0259sini verdi. V\u0259t\u0259n m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259l \u00e7atmaz say\u0131lan \u015eu\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin al\u0131nmas\u0131 zaman\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan bayra\u011f\u0131 \u015eu\u015fa qalas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131laraq dal\u011faland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Da\u015f\u0131, torpa\u011f\u0131 tarix qoxuyan \u015eu\u015fam\u0131zda h\u0259r da\u015f \u00f6z yerin\u0259 qoyulur, b\u0259rpa edil\u0259n bu q\u0259dim \u015f\u0259h\u0259r, onun h\u0259r k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259si, h\u0259r \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 bizi h\u0259m g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259y\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f\u0259 apar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Aysu M\u00fcqabil q\u0131z\u0131 B\u00fclb\u00fclzad\u0259,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quba \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 <\/strong>\u201cSoyq\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Memorial Kompleksi\u201dnin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elmi Ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar, Ekspozisiya\u00a0 v\u0259 fond \u015f\u00f6b\u0259sinin \u0259m\u0259kda\u015f\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

bulbulzadaysu@gmail.com<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

XVIII \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Qafqaz xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 \u0259r\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi memarl\u0131q m\u0259kt\u0259binin Nax\u00e7\u0131van, G\u0259nc\u0259, \u015eamax\u0131 kimi iri m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 idi. Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n ki\u00e7ik \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 bu memarl\u0131q m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri \u00f6z t\u0259sir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc itirdi. Yeni paytaxt \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin saraylar, qalalar v\u0259 qalalar tikintisin\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 var idi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 feodallaryerli k\u0259nd memarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin tikintisin\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur oldular. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu memarlar XVIII \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda Az\u0259rbaycanda sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f yeni \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin memarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na m\u00fch\u00fcm t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fl\u0259r. 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Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n ki\u00e7ik \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 bu memarl\u0131q m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri \u00f6z t\u0259sir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc itirdi. Yeni paytaxt \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin saraylar, qalalar v\u0259 qalalar tikintisin\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 var idi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 feodallaryerli k\u0259nd memarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin tikintisin\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur oldular. 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