{"id":810213,"date":"2025-06-10T14:42:15","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T10:42:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=810213"},"modified":"2025-06-10T14:42:38","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T10:42:38","slug":"tarixin-%c9%99n-dagidici-epidemiyasi-qara-olum-30-milyondan-cox-insan-niy%c9%99-oldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?p=810213","title":{"rendered":"Tarixin \u0259n da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 epidemiyas\u0131: “Qara \u00f6l\u00fcm” – 30 milyondan \u00e7ox insan niy\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fc?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u018fsrl\u0259r boyu, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Avropada olmaqla, d\u00fcnyan\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcy\u0259n v\u0259 30-40 milyondan \u00e7ox insan\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131na son qoyan v\u0259ban\u0131n arxas\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u0259qiq\u0259t indi \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Aliml\u0259r bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nin t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc add\u0131m-add\u0131m izl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixinin \u0259n qaranl\u0131q d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 i\u015f\u0131q sal\u0131blar. B\u0259s bu \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bakteriya nec\u0259 sa\u011f qala bildi v\u0259 n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu q\u0259d\u0259r da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Avropa k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259rini qaranl\u0131q bir s\u0259ssizlik b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. Kils\u0259 z\u0259ngl\u0259ri fasil\u0259siz \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131r, q\u0259birqazanlar durmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, insanlar \u00fcmidsiz \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 dua edirdi.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z bir d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n b\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259ri tez bir zamanda z\u0259ifl\u0259dir, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri bo\u015fald\u0131r v\u0259 sivilizasiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 dayanma n\u00f6qt\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Bu d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n tarix\u0259 “Qara \u00f6l\u00fcm” ad\u0131 il\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n v\u0259ba idi.<\/p>\n

“Qara \u00f6l\u00fcm” b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixind\u0259 qeyd\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u0259n \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl epidemiya olaraq qalmaqdad\u0131r. 14-c\u00fc \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan bu f\u0259lak\u0259t Avropa, Q\u0259rbi Asiya v\u0259 Afrikada milyonlarla insan\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131na son qoyub.<\/p>\n

Yaln\u0131z Avropada \u0259halinin t\u0259xmin\u0259n yar\u0131s\u0131 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 il \u0259rzind\u0259 m\u0259hv olub. Sosial nizam \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fc, iqtisadi strukturlar sars\u0131ld\u0131 v\u0259 insanl\u0131q d\u0259rin bir travma ya\u015fay\u0131b.<\/p>\n

Epidemiyan\u0131n genetik \u015fifr\u0259si a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00fcasir genetik t\u0259dqiqatlar bu da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 epidemiyan\u0131n uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli t\u0259sirl\u0259rini daha yax\u015f\u0131 anlama\u011fa k\u00f6m\u0259k edir. M\u0259lum olub ki, Yersinia pestis bakteriyas\u0131ndak\u0131 t\u0259k bir gen zamanla t\u0259kam\u00fcl ed\u0259r\u0259k daha davaml\u0131 v\u0259 qal\u0131c\u0131 hala g\u0259lib. Bu ki\u00e7ik genetik d\u0259yi\u015fiklik bakteriyan\u0131n h\u0259m sa\u011f qalmas\u0131n\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 geni\u015f co\u011frafiyalara yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min edib.<\/p>\n

T\u0259dqiqatlar pandemiyalar\u0131n insan c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 nec\u0259 daxil oldu\u011funu, niy\u0259 bu q\u0259d\u0259r \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu\u011funu v\u0259 f\u0259rqli virulentlik s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rinin nec\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaqda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131r. Aliml\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bu n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r f\u0259lak\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kanadadak\u0131 MakMaster Universiteti il\u0259 Fransadak\u0131 “Pasteur” \u0130nstitutunun apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rman\u0131n h\u0259mm\u00fc\u0259llifi professor Hendrik Poynar bu i\u015fin antik bir patogenin zaman i\u00e7ind\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fikliyini birba\u015fa t\u0259dqiq ed\u0259n v\u0259 pandemiyalar\u0131n davaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259n genetik amill\u0259ri anlama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk t\u0259dqiqatlardan biri oldu\u011funu vur\u011fulay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

V\u0259ban\u0131n tarixi yolculu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apar\u0131lan genetik analizl\u0259r Yersinia pestis bakteriyas\u0131n\u0131n zamanla daha az \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hala g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259kam\u00fcl etdiyini g\u00f6st\u0259rib. Bu d\u0259yi\u015fiklik onun daha uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t yay\u0131lmas\u0131na \u015f\u0259rait yarad\u0131b. \u00dc\u00e7 b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259ba pandemiyas\u0131 bu d\u0259yi\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirir:<\/p>\n

* Y\u00fcstinian v\u0259bas\u0131 (e.\u0259. 541-750): Bizans imperiyas\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 meydana g\u0259l\u0259n bu ilk b\u00f6y\u00fck pandemiya Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi \u0259traf\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck insan itkil\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olub.<\/p>\n

* Qara \u00f6l\u00fcm (1347-1351): \u018fn \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl dal\u011fa olub, Avropa, Q\u0259rbi Asiya v\u0259 Afrikada 75-200 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nib.<\/p>\n

* \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc pandemiya (1855-1959): \u00c7ind\u0259 ba\u015flayaraq b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan bu epidemiya bakteriyan\u0131n qlobal t\u0259hdid olaraq qalmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbut edib. Bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrikada izl\u0259ri qalmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Laboratoriya t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 si\u00e7anlar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 apar\u0131lan testl\u0259r bakteriyan\u0131n t\u0259kam\u00fcll\u0259 daha az virulent hala g\u0259ldikc\u0259 infeksiyalar\u0131n m\u00fcdd\u0259tinin uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 yay\u0131lma potensial\u0131n\u0131n artd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbut edib.<\/p>\n

V\u0259ban\u0131n Avropadak\u0131 d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tli t\u0259sirl\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n

1348-ci ild\u0259 “Qara \u00f6l\u00fcm” Londona \u00e7atd\u0131qda, \u015f\u0259h\u0259r \u0259halisinin yar\u0131s\u0131 18 ay \u0259rzind\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 itirib. K\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259r bo\u015fal\u0131b, k\u00fctl\u0259vi m\u0259zarlar doldu, kils\u0259l\u0259r insanlarla dolub-da\u015f\u0131b.<\/p>\n

1665-ci ild\u0259ki “B\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259ba epidemiyas\u0131” is\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri bir daha diz \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcr\u00fcb. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 evl\u0259rin qap\u0131lar\u0131na “Tanr\u0131m, biz\u0259 m\u0259rh\u0259m\u0259t et” yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 xa\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0259kilir, ail\u0259l\u0259r ev\u0259 kilidl\u0259nib.<\/p>\n

\u018fsrl\u0259rl\u0259 Avropada davam ed\u0259n v\u0259ba epidemiyalar\u0131n\u0131n si\u00e7anlar v\u0259 onlar\u0131n da\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u0259n\u0259l\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Lakin yeni tap\u0131nt\u0131lar, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u015eimali Avropa kimi si\u00e7anlar\u0131n geni\u015f yay\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 epidemiyalar\u0131n s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n alternativ yoluxma yollar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li oldu\u011funu ortaya qoyub.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 insanlar dem\u0259k olar ki, he\u00e7 \u00e7imm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r k\u0259sin b\u0259d\u0259nind\u0259ki bit v\u0259 g\u0259n\u0259l\u0259r bakteriyalar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ideal da\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015fdi. V\u0259ba epidemiyas\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n uzun dimdikli maskalar tarixin \u0259n ikonik tibbi simvollar\u0131ndan birin\u0259 \u00e7evrilib. Bu maskalar v\u0259ba h\u0259kiml\u0259rinin \u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc tamamil\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcr, dimdik hiss\u0259y\u0259 is\u0259 lavanda, mix\u0259k, sar\u0131msaq kimi \u0259tirli bitkil\u0259r qoyulurdu.<\/p>\n

Bu t\u0259tbiqin m\u0259qs\u0259di, o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 v\u0259ban\u0131n pis qoxularla (miazma n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si) yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, h\u0259kiml\u0259rin “z\u0259h\u0259rli havan\u0131” udmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq idi. Maskalar n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259sirli olmasa da, d\u00f6vr\u00fcn tibbi acizliyini v\u0259 qorxu dolu atmosferini \u0259ks etdir\u0259n simvol olub.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcasir d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0259ks-s\u0259dalar\u0131 v\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259y\u0259 bax\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcn antibiotik m\u00fcalic\u0259si say\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259ba n\u0259zar\u0259t alt\u0131na al\u0131na bilir. Lakin ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar bu c\u00fcr epidemiyalar\u0131n nec\u0259 inki\u015faf etdiyini v\u0259 davaml\u0131l\u0131q qazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha d\u0259rind\u0259n anlama\u011f\u0131m\u0131za k\u00f6m\u0259k edir.<\/p>\n

T\u0259dqiqat\u0131n dig\u0259r apar\u0131c\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259llifi Xavyer Pisarro-Serda bildirir: “V\u0259ba bakteriyas\u0131 b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixind\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259rsiz yer\u0259 malikdir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 bu pandemiyalar\u0131n nec\u0259 yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaq g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 qlobal t\u0259hdidl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq bax\u0131m\u0131ndan h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r… N\u0259hay\u0259t, v\u0259ban\u0131n n\u0259 oldu\u011funu v\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc nec\u0259 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yimizi daha yax\u015f\u0131 anlama\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r\u0131q”.\/qaynarinfo<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u018fsrl\u0259r boyu, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Avropada olmaqla, d\u00fcnyan\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcy\u0259n v\u0259 30-40 milyondan \u00e7ox insan\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131na son qoyan v\u0259ban\u0131n arxas\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u0259qiq\u0259t indi \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Aliml\u0259r bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nin t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc add\u0131m-add\u0131m izl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixinin \u0259n qaranl\u0131q d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 i\u015f\u0131q sal\u0131blar. B\u0259s bu \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bakteriya nec\u0259 sa\u011f qala bildi v\u0259 n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu q\u0259d\u0259r da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 oldu? Orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Avropa k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259rini qaranl\u0131q bir s\u0259ssizlik b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. Kils\u0259 z\u0259ngl\u0259ri fasil\u0259siz \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131r, q\u0259birqazanlar durmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, insanlar \u00fcmidsiz \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 dua edirdi. G\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z bir d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n b\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259ri tez bir zamanda z\u0259ifl\u0259dir, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri bo\u015fald\u0131r v\u0259 sivilizasiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 dayanma n\u00f6qt\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Bu d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n tarix\u0259…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":810214,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"gutentor_comment":0,"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",800,450,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",800,450,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",800,450,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788-500x280.jpg",500,280,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788-649x365.jpg",649,365,true],"large":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",640,360,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",800,450,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",800,450,false],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788-240x172.jpg",240,172,true],"advps-thumb-one":["https:\/\/arantv.az\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/e3fabe80abc920f37a50ad40c17e0788.jpg",800,450,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"V\u00fcsal Rafiqo\u011flu","author_link":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/?author=2"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"D\u00fcnya<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"\u018fsrl\u0259r boyu, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Avropada olmaqla, d\u00fcnyan\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcy\u0259n v\u0259 30-40 milyondan \u00e7ox insan\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131na son qoyan v\u0259ban\u0131n arxas\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u0259qiq\u0259t indi \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Aliml\u0259r bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nin t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc add\u0131m-add\u0131m izl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixinin \u0259n qaranl\u0131q d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 i\u015f\u0131q sal\u0131blar. B\u0259s bu \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bakteriya nec\u0259 sa\u011f qala bildi v\u0259 n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu q\u0259d\u0259r da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 oldu? Orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Avropa k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259rini…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/810213"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=810213"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/810213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":810215,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/810213\/revisions\/810215"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/810214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=810213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=810213"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arantv.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=810213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}